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::Environment::

Environment (Prelims)

ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY

• Origin of Life forms
  • Origin of Life forms
  • Life on earth
• Basic Concepts of Ecology
  • Types of Ecology
  • Ecological Hierarchy
  • Scope of Ecology
  • Habitat & Ecological Niche
  • Deep vs Shallow Ecology
  • Ecological Principles
  • Ecological Community
    • Structure and Characteristics of a Community
    • Stratification
    • Ecotone
    • Ecological Dominance
    • Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctuation
    • Periodicity
    • Turnover
    • Interdependence
  • Ecological Succession
    • Types and Process of Succession
    • Climax Community
  • Range of Tolerance , Maximum Range
  • Difference between Ecology , Environment and Ecosystem
• Ecosystem functions
  • Ecosystem Definitions
  • Functions and Properties of Ecosystem
  • The Structure/Components of Ecosystem
    • Abiotic Components
    • Biotic Components
  • Ecosystem Dynamics
    • Flow of Energy in Ecosystem
    • Trophic Levels
    • Food Chain
    • Types & Significance of Food Chain
    • Food Web
    • Models for Energy Flow
    • Ecological Productivity
    • Ecological Pyramid
  • Biomagnifications
  • Biological Control
• Population Ecology
  • Types of species
  • Population Ecology
  • Population Growth Models
  • Methodology of Tiger census
  • Methodology of Lion Census
• Adaptation of Species and Interactions
  • Adaptation
    • Examples of adaptation in plants
    • Examples of Adaptations in animals
  • Homeostasis
  • Interaction between Species
  • Ecotone
  • Endemic Species
  • Keystone Species
  • Indicator Species
  • Invasive Species
  • Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation
• Terrestrial Ecosystems
  • Terrestrial ecosystem
  • Forest Ecosystem in India
  • Grasslands
  • Tundra
  • Deserts
  • Mountains
• Aquatic Ecosystem
  • Aquatic ecosystem
  • Factors affecting the productivity of aquatic ecosystems
  • Fresh water ecosystem
  • Marine ecosystem
  • Marine Organisms
  • Plankton
  • Phytoplankton
  • Factors Affecting Phytoplankton Biodiversity
    • Importance of phytoplankton
    • Zooplankton
    • Sea-grass
    • Seaweeds
  • Human Modified Ecosystems
• Nutrient Cycling
  • Concept of Biogeochemical Cycle
    • Parts of a Biogeochemical Cycle
    • Types of Biogeochemical Cycle
  • Carbon Cycle
    • Steps in the carbon cycle
    • Carbon cycle: Long term and Short term
    • Carbon act as Climate Buffer
    • Human Impact on the Carbon Cycle
    • Effects of high concentration of Greenhouse Gases
  • Hydrological Cycle
    • Different Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle
    • Storage
  • Nitrogen Cycle
    • Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle
  • Oxygen Cycle
  • Sulphur Cycle
    • Human Impact on the Sulphur Cycle
  • Phosphorus Cycle
    • Human Influence on Phosphorus Cycle

BIODIVERSITY

• Basics of Biodiversity
  • Biodiversity
  • Types of biodiversity
  • Patterns of biodiversity
  • Bio-geographical classification of World
  • Bio-geographical classification of India
  • Functions of biodiversity
  • Hotspots of biodiversity
  • Bio informatics
  • Eco Regions
  • Role of Traditional Knowledge in Biodiversity
  • Biopiracy
• Animal and Plant Diversity
  • Plant and Animal Kingdom
    • Marine Mammals
    • Egg laying Mammals
    • Marsupials
  • Threats to biodiversity
    • Causes of Biodiversity losses
    • Effects of Loss of Bio-Diversity
    • Extinction of species
    • Mass Extinction
    • IUCN Red List and Classification Scheme
  • Biodiversity Conservation
    • Scheduled Animals in the Wildlife Protection Act
    • In-situ methods of Conservation
      • Protected Area Categories
      • Forms of Protected Areas
      • Biosphere reserves
      • Sacred forests and sacred lakes
      • World Heritage sites
      • Geo-heritage sites
      • Advantages of In-situ conservation
      • Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
    • Ex-situ methods of Conservation
      • Advantages of ex-situ preservation:
      • Disadvantages of Ex-situ conservation
    • Zoological Parks
    • Botanical Gardens
    • Seed banks
  • National Parks
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries
  • Biosphere Reserves
  • Species based conservation programmes
    • Project Tiger
    • Project Elephant
    • Project Snow Leopard
    • Vulture conservation project
    • Crocodile conservation project
    • Ganges dolphin project
    • Indian Rhino Vision
    • Other projects
    • India adopts SAWEN
  • Important Coastal and marine Biodiversity Areas
  • Global initiative
    • State of Protected Areas in the World
    • MAB – Man and Biosphere Programme
    • World network of Biosphere Reserves
    • Biodiversity Hotspots
    • CBD – Convention of Biological Diversity
    • Cartegana Protocol
    • Nagoya Protocol
    • Aichi Biodiversity Diversity
  • Estuaries
    • What are estuaries?
    • Types of Estuaries
    • Importance of estuaries
    • Threats to estuaries
    • Major Estuaries in Indian coastal states
    • Monitoring and Prediction of Health of Estuarine and Coastal Waters
    • Difference between Lagoon and Estuary
    • Estuary ecosystem: Adaptations made in organisms
    • Conservation of Estuaries
  • Mangroves
    • What are mangroves?
    • Mangroves in India
    • Importance of Mangroves
    • Mangroves under threats
    • Legal and Regulatory Approaches for Protection
    • Community based mangrove regeneration
  • Coral Reef
    • About coral reefs
    • What do corals feed on?
    • Geographical Conditions
    • Types Of Coral Reefs
    • Uses of coral reefs
    • Concept of Bio-rock reefs
    • Threats to Coral reefs
    • Conservation of coral reef
  • Wetlands
    • What are wetlands?
    • Types of wetlands
    • Wetlands in India
    • Importance of wetlands
    • Threats to wetland ecosystems
    • Conservation of Wetlands
    • About Ramsar Convention ‘
    • About Asian Water bird Census

RESOURCE DEGRADATION & MANAGEMENT

• Land Resource
  • Causes of land degradation
  • Impact of land degradation
  • Desertification
  • Sustainable Land Management
• Forest Resource
  • Definition of forests by FSI
  • Types of Forest Cover
  • Forest Survey of India (FSI report 2017)
  • Types of Forests In India
  • Deforestation
  • Causes of Deforestation
  • Consequences of Deforestation on the Wildlife of India
  • Strategies for Reducing Deforestation
  • Government Programmes for Conservation of Forests
• Soil Resource
  • Soil Characteristics and Soil formation process
  • Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
  • Soil Forming Processes
  • Soil Profiles and Horizons
  • Type of Soils
  • Soils in India
  • Soils in World
  • Soil Erosion
  • Problems due to excessive irrigation
  • Soil Conservation
  • Soil health card scheme
  • Organic Farming
• Water Pollution
  • Surface Water Resource
  • Ground Water Resources
  • Sources of Water Pollution
  • Measurement of Water pollution
  • Causes of Water Pollution
  • Harmful effects of water pollution
  • Other terms associated with water pollution
    • Algal Bloom
    • Eutrophication
    • Arsenic contamination of water
    • Mercury Pollution
    • Oxygen Stratification
  • Energy Resources
    • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
    • Tidal Energy
    • Wave energy
    • Fuel Cell
    • Microbial fuel cell
    • Biofuels
    • Biogas
    • Geothermal Energy
    • Solar Energy
    • New Energy Resources
    • Renewable Energy and Development
    • Petroleum Conservation Research Association
    • Atomic Energy Bill
    • Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill
    • National Electric Mobility Mission Plan        
    • National Policy on Biofuels
    • Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme
    • Solar Renewable purchase Obligation
    • Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell
    • New Energy Policy
    • Energy Organisation

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

• Basics of Pollution
  • Sources of pollution
    • Effect of Modern Agriculture on Environment
    • Effect of Housing on Environment
    • Effect of Power Generation on Environment
    • Effect of River Valley Projects (Water Resource Projects) on Environment
    • Effect of Mining on Environment
    • Effect of Transportation Activities on Environment
    • Effect of Tourism on Environment
  • Classification of pollutants
  • Pollution Indicator species
• Mining and Pollution
  • Mining and Environment
  • Sensitivity of Select Ecosystems to Mining
  • Impact of Mining
  • Indirect Impact of Mining
  • International Laws on Mining
  • Main Act or Statue to regulate the impact of
  • Indian Mining Sector
  • Sustainable Mining
• Air Pollution
  • Causes of air pollution
  • Harmful Effects of air pollution
  • Top-ten gases in air pollution
  • Control of Air Pollution
  • Concepts related to Air pollution
    • Smog and its impact
    • Ozone depletion
    • Acid rain
    • Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
    • Fly Ash
    • Bharat stage Norm
    • National Air Quality Index
    • Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index
  • Marine Pollution
    • Sources of marine pollution
    • Effects of marine pollution
    • Concept of dead zone
    • Concept of Ocean acidification
    • Oil spill
    • Trash and Other Debris in ocean
    • Microplastics and its impact
    • Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011               
  • Noise Pollution
    • Causes of Noise pollution
    • Noise Levels
    • Effects of Noise Pollution on human health
    • Corrective actions
  • Biological Pollution
    • Sources of biological pollution
    • Harmful effects from biological contaminants
    • Corrective actions
  • Radioactive Pollution
    • Sources of Radioactive Pollution
    • Harmful effects of Radioactive Pollution
    • Corrective actions
  • Thermal Pollution
    • Causes of Thermal Pollution
    • Effect of Thermal Pollution
    • Control of Thermal Pollution
  • Waste Management
    • Solid waste management
      • Types of Solid Waste
      • What is solid waste management?
      • Issues in solid waste management in India
      • Waste Management Practices
      • Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste
      • Policy on Promotion of City Compost
      • Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
    • E-Waste Management
      • Pollutants and their health impacts
      • E-waste status in India
      • Importance of the E-waste management
      • Steps taken for combating mounting E-Waste
      • E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016
    • Biomedical Waste Management
      • Hazards associated with waste management
      • Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
    • Hazardous waste and its Characteristics
    • Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2016
    • Treatments Methods in Waste Management
      • Methods for sewage treatment
      • Treatments Methods for waste management
    • Hazardous waste treatement

CLIMATE CHANGE

• Climate Change Basics
  • What is Climate Change?
  • What is Global warming?
  • Factors Affecting Climate Change
  • Causes of climate change
    • Extra-Terrestrial Sources of Climate Change
    • Terrestrial Sources of Climate Change
    • Anthropogenic sources of Climate Change
  • Urbanization and climate change
    • Pollution in metros and climate change
    • Real estate boom and environment degradation
    • Urban Heat Island
    • Polythene bags and pollution
    • Methane generation from waste
  • Impact of agriculture on climate
    • Agriculture increases Carbon Dioxide Emissions
    • Monoculture practice impacts biodiversity
    • Pollution due to use of chemical fertilizers
    • Soil-related effects
    • Fertilizer’s Effect on the Environment
    • Impact of livestock on environment
    • Impact of use of Pesticides on environment
    • Impact of GM crop on environment
    • Emission of Methane from agricultural practices
    • Sustainable Agriculture Techniques
    • What is greenhouse effect?
  • Non green House Gases and Aerosols
  • Radioactive forcing and global warming
  • Ecological footprint
  • Carbon footprint
  • Global Warming Potential (GWP)
• Climate Change Impact
  • Impacts of the Climate Change
    • Acid Rain
    • El Nino
    • La Nina
    • Ozone Depletion
    • Ocean Acidification
  • Global Warming & Health
    • Health impacts of global warming
    • Mosquito-borne diseases
    • Ozone depletion and human health
  • Climate change mitigation
    • Carbon Sequestration
    • Carbon Sink
    • Carbon Credit
    • Carbon Tax

ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

• Acts and Policies
  • Constitutional Provisions related to environment
  • Wildlife Protection Act 1972
  • Environmental Protection Act
  • National Forest Policy
  • Biological Diversity Act 2002
  • Schedule Tribes and Other Forest
  • Dwellers Act 2006
  • Coastal Regulation Zone
  • Wetland Rules 2010
  • National Green Tribunal
  • Ozone Depleting Substance Rules
• Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
  • What is EIA?
  • Brief History of EIA in India
  • EIA Process in India
  • The 8 steps of the EIA process             
  • Environmental Appraisal Process
  • Drawback in EIA Process
  • Recommendations for Improvement
  • Environment Management
  • EIA in India – Sectorial Analysis
    • Mining Sector
    • Agricultural Sector
    • Industrial Sector
  • International Environmental Governance
    • UNEP
    • UNDP
    • Centre for Biological Diversity
    • WWF for Nature
    • IUCN – Red List                                      
    • Birdlife International
    • International Conventions / Protocols & their Objectives
    • Sustainable Development Goals
    • Various Indices relate to Environment
    • Climate Change Governance
      • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)
      • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
      • Montreal Protocol and Kigali Agreement
      • The Earth Summit: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janerio, 1992
      • Global Environment Facility (GEF)
      • Rio Declaration: 1992
      • Agenda 21:1992
      • Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
      • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
      • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): 1992
    • Global Climate Finance Architecture
  • India and Climate Change
    • India’s Position with regards to policy on Climate Change
    • Observed Climate and Weather Changes in India
    • NAPCC
    • Indian Climate Change Assessement
    • Indian Policy Structure Relavant to GHG Emissions
  • Environment related Institutions in India
    • Pollution Control Boards
    • National Green Tribunal
    • National Board for Wildlife
    • Animal Welfare Board
    • Central Zoo Authority
    • National Biodiversity Authority
  • Environmental schemes in India
    • National Wildlife Action Plan
    • CAMPA
    • Joint Forest Management
    • Social Forestry
    • National Bamboo Mission
    • National Action Plan on Climate Change
    • National Solar Mission
    • Ganga Rejuvenation Plan
    • Benefits of River Ganga
      • Facts about Ganga River Pollution and its impacts
    • Ecomark Scheme
    • Swachch Bharat Mission
    • Swachch Bharat Kosh
    • Grants in Aid Scheme
    • National Afforestation Program
    • National River Conservation Plan
    • National Mission for Clean Ganga
    • National Air Quality Index (AQI)
    • National Action Programme to Combat  Desertification
    • Pradhan Mantri Sauchalay Yojana
    • UJALA Scheme
    • Bharat Stage Norms
    • Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Protection
  • APPENDIX
    • National Parks
    • Tiger Reserves of India
    • Elephant Reserves in India
    • Mike Sites in India
    • Biosphere Reserves
    • Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’s Map List
    • Ramsar Wetland Sites
    • Natural World Heritage Sites
    • List of Sacred Groves
    • Mangrove Sites in India
    • Pollution
      • Key activities and Likely Associate Air Pollutants
      • Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals
    • Recent Developments
      • Mobile Tower Radiation
      • Shrinking of Cauvery Delta
      • Use of Garbage to Construct Road
      • Moss as Pollution Monitor
      • Graded Plan for Air Pollution
      • Air Quality Index
      • Polluter Pay Principle
      • Pesticide Poisoning
      • Aerosols
      • Anti-Smog guns
      • Particulate matter
      • Nalanda Model of Water Conservation
      • Wetland Rules, 2017
      • Permaculture and Monoculture
      • Sand Mining Guidelines
      • Coastal Erosion (Parali Island)
      • Bottom Trawling to Deep Sea Fishing
      • ‘Wadi’ Model
      • Re-greening of Village Commons Project
      • Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage
      • Namami Ganga Programme                
      • River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and Management) Authorities Order, 2016
      • Smart Ganga City Scheme
      • Ganga Task Force
      • Ganga, Yamuna termed ‘living persons’
      • National Capacity Building Project for Waste Management
      • NGT Bans Plastic
      • Mission Innovation
      • Tribunal – Dumping Waste in Ganga
      • Ease in Norms for Sewage Plants
      • Organic Waste to Make Green Fuel
      • New Technologies for Waste Management
      • Melting of Antarctic Iceberg
      • Melting of Gangotri Glacier
      • Carbon Capture
      • Black Carbon
      • 30^th Montreal Protocol and World Ozone Day
      • El-Nino Caused Record CO₂ Spike
      • Glaciers in Asia to sink
      • Tropics emit more Carbon
      • Climate change impact on Natural Heritage Sites – Impact on Sunderbans
      • Marine Diversity in Antarctica under threat
      • Carbon Credit
      • 2^nd Kyoto Protocol
      • Green Metro System
      • Negative Emissions
      • Geo-engineering Climate Change
      • Sequestering CO₂
      • Bonn Challenge
      • COP-23
      • Air Quality Index likely to be added to ‘playing condition”
      • HFCs – India to eliminate use by 2030
      • Kigali agreement
      • Carbon Neutrality Concept
      • Marrakesh Climate Change Conference
      • International Solar Alliance (ISA)
      • Kyoto Protocol (2^nd Commitment 2013-20)
      • Climate Change Performance Index

Environment (Mains)

UPSC SYLLABUS

• Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
• Disaster and disaster management.

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY: BASIC UNDERSTANDING

• Introduction
• Categories of Environment
• Features of Environment
• Components of Environment
• Ecology

ECOSYSTEM AND ITS DYNAMICS

• Ecosystem Definitions
• Properties of Ecosystem
• Components of Ecosystem
  • Abiotic Factors
  • Biotic Factors
• Ecosystem Dynamics

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

• Gaseous Cycle
  • Carbon Cycle
• Human Impact on the Carbon Cycle
• Effects of High Concentration of Greenhouse Gases
  • Hydrological Cycle
  • Nitrogen Cycle
  • Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle
  • Oxygen Cycle
• Sedimentary Cycle
  • Sulphur Cycle
• Human Impact on the Sulphur Cycle
  • Phosphorus Cycle

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS

• Terrestrial Ecosystem
• Aquatic Ecosystem
• Changes in Ecosystem
• Ecosystem Conservation
• Ecology vs. Economy

POPULATION ECOLOGY

• Population Characteristics
• Population Growth Models
• Species
• Carrying Capacity of Earth  

BIOSPHERE

• Extent of the Biosphere
• Working of the Biosphere
• Importance of the Biosphere
• Alpha, Beta, Gamma Diversity
• Biomes
• Global Biomes
  • Major Biomes of the World
  • WWF Classification of Biomes
  • Terrestrial Biomes
  • Aquatic Biomes
• Indian Biomes

BIODIVERSITY

• Types of Biodiversity
• Value of the Biodiversity
• Threats to Biodiversity
  • Causes of Biodiversity losses (‘The Evil Quartet’)
  • Invasive species
  • Effects of Loss of Bio-Diversity
• Extinction of Species
• Types – Natural, Mass, Anthropogenic
• Causes of Extinction
• Consequences of Extinction of Species

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

• Conservation Strategies
• Conservation Tools
• IUCN
• IUCN Red List
• Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESAs)
• In-situ methods of conservation of biodiversity
  • Advantages of In-situ Conservation
  • Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
• Ex-situ Methods of Conservation of Biodiversity

POLLUTION & DEGRADATION

• Land Degradation
  • Causes and Impact of Land Degradation
  • Desertification
  • Sustainable Land Management
  • Soil Erosion
  • Problems due to Excessive Irrigation
  • Soil Conservation
• Air Pollution
  • Causes of Air Pollution
  • Harmful Effects of Common Air Pollutants
  • Control of Air Pollution
• Marine Pollution
  • Effects of Marine Pollution
  • Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011
• Mining & Pollution
  • Effects of Mining on Environment
  • Concept of Sustainable Mining
  • Acts to regulate the adverse effects of Mining Activities
• Other Pollution
  • Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
  • Harmful Effects from Biological Contaminants
  • Harmful Effects of Radioactive Pollution
  • Nuclear Accidents
• Water Degradation
  • Measurement of Water Pollution
  • Harmful Effects of Water Pollution
  • Delhi Pollution

WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Solid Waste Management
  • Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
• e-waste Management
  • Pollutants and their Health Impacts
  • Importance of the E-Waste Management
  • E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016
• Biomedical Waste
  • Hazards Associated with Waste Management
  • Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
• Hazardous Waste
  • Hazardous Waste Treatment
  • Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016

CLIMATE CHANGE

• Factors Affecting Climate Change
• Impact of climate change & its mitigation
• Climate Change Management
  • Conventions
  • International Organisations

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES

• Impact of Agriculture on Environment
  • Sustainable Agriculture
• Sustainable Agriculture
  • Hi-tech Farming Methods
  • Rain Water Harvesting
  • Green Buildings and their Rating System in India
• Eco-tourism – Advantages & Disadvantages of Eco-tourism

Contemporary Issues: Environment (Mains)

WILDLIFE

• Man-Animal Conflicts in India
• Poaching activities in India
• Development leads to tiger extinction
• Elephant Conservation
• International treaties for wildlife conservation Use of drones for wildlife conservation
• Urban Land Acting as Death Traps for Birds
• Eco-Bridges and Biodiversity Management
• Suderbans at risk due to Climate Change
• Critical Wildlife Habitats
• Declining Population of Pollinators
• International treaties for Wildlife Conservation

COMBATING POLLUTION

• Indoor Air Pollution and its impact
• Impact of Particulate Matter
• Smog and its impact
• Aerosol shrinking India’s Monsoon
• Stubble Burning
• Mobile radiation Impact on Health
• Heavy water Pollution
• Plastic Pollution
• Light Immersion Pollution                    
• Idol Pollution
• Oil Spill
• Garbage Dumping and its Environment
• E-waste Management Rules 2016
• Groundwater contamination (Arsenic, Uranium)
• Bharat Stage Norm
• What is Polluters Pay Model?
• LANCET Study REPORT: Most Pollution linked deaths occur in India
• Beach (Coastal) Pollution
• Nitrogen Pollution
• Hazardous Waste (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016

CLIMATE CHANGE

• Conference of Parties (COP-24) at Katowice
• Marrakech Climate Change Conference
• Paris Agreement
• US moved out of Paris agreement
• Kigali Agreement
• Kyoto Protocol (2nd Commitment)
• IPCC Report 2018
• International Solar Alliance
• Concept of Green Bond
• Green Climate Fund
• Carbon Tax Feasibility in India
• Concept of Green Building
• Concept of Carbon Credit
• Climate Change and Cities
• Climate change and its impact on Health
• Climate Change and Agriculture
• Climate Change and sea level Rise
• Ocean Warming
• Melting of Gangotri Glacier
• Programmes and Policies Initiated for Mitigating Climate Change
• International Collaboration for Mitigating Climate Change
• Ethical issue involved in climate change
• Third Pole and Climate Change
• UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework
• Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (Rise) 2018 – Wb
• Accounting Methods of Climate Fund Questioned
• Tackling Climate Change from a Security Perspective
• Effects of Global Warming on El Nino in The 21st Century
• India to Expand Polar Research to Arctic
• Bengal Tigers may not Survive Climate Change
• Scientists Mull Stratospheric Barrier to Curb Global Warming

RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Biogas
• National Solar Mission
• Status of Hydro Power energy in India
• Alternative fuels in India
• Draft Energy Policy
• National Energy Storage Mission
• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
• National Wind-solar Hybrid Policy
• Photo-voltaic industry and CPSU scheme

INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

• Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act
• Draft National Wildlife Action Plan
• Wetland Management Rules, 2017
• Initiatives to enhance green cover
• Policy on Promotion of City Compost
• Ancient Bawadis and Water Management
• Living status to Rivers
• Ganga River Pollution
• Environment Impact Assessment
• Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in India
• Public Participation for Environmental conservation
• Western Ghats biodiversity conservation
• The 25 Year Environment Plan
• India’s National Redd+ Strategy
• EnviStats-India 2019
• Indian Forest Act amendment
• Sustainable India Finance Facility (SIFF)
• Sustainable Development in Indian Himalayan Region
• Global Carbon Project (GCP)
• Naturalized species
• Resource Efficiency Cell
• India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP), Global Cooling Coalition
• Island protection zone (IPZ) 2019 for Andaman and Nicobar
• Plan to save Himalayan springs
• Environmental Institutions
• Pollution Control Board: Analysis
• National Green Tribunal: Analysis
• Forest Survey of India and India State of Forest Report, 2017
• Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee
• Traditional Knowledge Digital Library

MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES

• Impacts of Dam and fishing
• Issue of Land Degradation
• Sand Mining
• Algal bloom Issue
• Melting of Antarctica and its impact
• River linking project and its impact
• Bottom Trawling to Deep Sea fishing
• Mass Coral Bleaching – Threats to coral reefs
• Forest Fires