Polity and Constitution UPSC Mains Topic Wise Previous Year Questions (1979-2023)

1. BASIC FEATURE OF THE CONSTITUTION

What is Parliamentary Democracy? How does the Indian Parliament exercise control over the Union executive? Can the Parliament have any control over the State Executives? Assess the role of the Standing Committees of the Parliament in the exercise of control. (About 400 words). 1981
Examine the relative roles of the Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive in the functioning of the parliamentary system of the Government of India. Is it a fact that the Executive has been tending to be more powerful over the years? (in about 150 words) 1982
‘Separation of Powers is essential to ensure individual liberty’ Discuss this with regard to the provisions in the Constitution and practices adopted so far. (in about 150 words). 1983
There is no need to replace the Parliamentary form of Government in India with the Presidential form of Government. Justify or oppose this statement with cogent arguments. (250 words) 1984
It is the duty of the majority to instill confidence in the minority. Conversely, the minorities must also look beyond narrow sectarian interests and work for the larger goal of a real secular society in India. Evaluate in the light of the spirit of the Indian Constitution and the Indian experience. (in about 250 words) 1984
Is the Indian Parliament Sovereign or a non-sovereign legislature or both? 1984
Discuss the political, social, and economic characteristics of the Indian State. (About 250 words) 1985
Describe the emergence of the Basic Structure concept in the Indian Constitution. (150 words) 1994
Distinguish between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of Government. Do you think that changing over to Presidential form will be a solution for better governance? Substantiate your answer. (About 250 words) 1995
What do you understand by the term ‘Rule of Law’? How does the Constitution of India seek to establish it? (About 250 words) 1996
Examine the need for the review of the Indian Constitution. (250 words) 2000
Bring out the aberrations of the parliamentary system of government in India. (about250words) 2001
What is a constitution? What are the main sources of the Indian Constitution? (250 words) 2007
Do you think there is a need for a review of the Indian Constitution? Justify your view. (250 words) 2008
Write on the Significance of 26th November in the country’s polity in about 20 words. 2009
What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? 2016
Did the Government of India Act, of 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss 2016
‘Constitutional morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (Answer in 150 words) 2021
“Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyze. 2021
“Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy”. Comment. 2023
“The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. 2023

2. PREAMBLE

What are the major commitments of the Constitution of India as incorporated in its preamble? (in about 150 words) 1988
Why is India called a Republic? 1988
The Preamble to the Constitution is aimed to embody the fundamental values and the philosophy on which the Constitution is based. Elucidate, (in about 75 words). 1997
What is the significance of the preamble to a constitution? Bring out the philosophy of the Indian polity as enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. (in about 250 words) 2004
Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the Preamble’. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? 2001

3. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT

The Press in India is free to publish any news and views except those, which are objectionable from the point of view of the security of state, friendly relations with Foreign States etc. What steps have been taken recently by the Government to prevent a monopoly of the management of the newspaper, to encourage the growth of small newspapers, and to prevent the exploitation of working journalists and other employees of Indian newspapers ? (Not more than 150 words) 1981
Bring out the significance of the Fundamental Rights hold and dispose of property has ceased to be a fundamental right. Examine the purpose of the change involved, (in about 150 words) 1981
Why has there been reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the legislatures and in public Services? Has the purpose been achieved ? Indicate recent developments, (in about 150 words) 1981
Differentiate between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. Do you think that the latter has been adequately implemented? Give reasons for your views, (in about 150 words) 1982
Consider the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and offer your comments, referring to the Situations obtained in the country.(in about 150 words) 1983
What is meant by Habeas Corpus? What is the purpose of a writ of Habeas Corpus? 1983
What is the present status of the Right to Property ? 1984
What is dealt with in Article 25 of Indian Constitution? What was the controversy about it recently ? (Not more than 100 words) 1984
What are the main causes of the anti-reservation stir in Gujarat? What are the provisions in our Constitution regarding reservation ? Do you consider the policy of reservation justified? (About 200 words) 1985
What do you understand by preventive detention? 1986
Discuss the importance of Article 32 of the Indian Constitution, (in about 150 words) 1987
Define the writ of Certiorari. 1987
What do you understand by ‘positive discrimination’? 1987
Explain the concept of Minorities in the Indian Constitution and mention the safeguards provided therein for their protection. (150 words) 1988
What are the “ reasonable restrictions” mentioned in the Indian Constitution accompanying the fundamental rights? (in about 150 words) 1990
Explain the significance of Prasar Bharati Corporation in the context of modem mass media. 2009
Define the Writ of Mandamus. Explain its importance. 1990
Discuss the secular nature of Indian polity and the position provided in the Constitution of India. 1991
The writ of Mandamus will not be granted against certain persons. Who are they ? 1992
Distinguish between preventive detention and punitive detention. 1993
What are the various writs available to the citizens of India ? 1993
When and why was the National Literacy Mission founded ? 1993
What is meant by ‘equal protection of law’ ? 1993
What is the purpose of Article 24 of the Constitution of India ? 1993
Differentiate between the ‘due process of law’ and ‘the procedure established by law ‘ in the context of deprivation of personal liberty in India. 1994
Explain the meaning of ex-post-facto legislation. 1994
Indicate the provisions of the Indian Constitution relating to Secularism. 1994
What are the constitutional rights of the citizens of India ? What do you think about the demand of the NRI’s for dual citizenship ? (150 words) 1995
What is the present status of the right to property as a Fundamental Right ? 1995
Why is Article 32 considered as the cornerstone of the Constitution ? 1995
The Writ of Mandamus cannot be granted against certain persons. Who are they ? 1996
What are the provisions regarding the protection of Linguistic minorities in the Constitution ? (in about 75 words) 1997
What is Social Justice ? How can reservation of seats for women in Parliament contribute to the establishment of a socially just society in India ? 1997
What, according to the Supreme Court, constituted ‘The Basic Features’ which is upheld in case known as
(i) Keshavanand Bharati v/s. State of Kerala
(i) Minerva Mills v/s. Union of India ? (in about 150 words) 1997
What specific provisions exist in the Constitution of India about child labour? 1997
What were the circumstances leading to the promulgation of the Prasar Bharti Ordinance in August 1998? (in about 50 words) 1998
State the amplitude of Article 21 of the Constitution. 1998
On what grounds does Article15 of the Indian Constitution prohibit discrimination? Indicate the way the concept of ‘Special protection’ has qualified this prohibition, and contributed to social change. (In about 250 words) 1999
What is the status of the Right to Property in the Indian Constitution ? (in about 25 words) 1999
Discuss the constitutional provisions regarding the rights of children, (in about 150 words) 2001
Discuss how the Constitution of India provides equal rights.(In about 250 words) 2004
What is Habeas Corpus ? (20 words) 2004
What is the special facility provided to the linguistic minorities under Article 350 A ? 2004
Give your views on the right to freedom of religion as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Do they make India a secular State ? (250 words) 2005
What are the constitutional limitations on the free movements of Indians throughout the country ? (150 words) 2005
What is meant by ‘double jeopardy’? (20 words) 2005
What is right to life and personal liberty ? How have the courts expanded its meaning in recent years? (in 250 words) 2006
Bring out the differences between Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Discuss some of the measures taken by the Union and State Governments for the implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy. (250 words) 2007
What is the importance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies? 2007
As we live in a plural society we need the greatest freedom to express our opinions even if others find it offensive’- Do you agree? Discuss with reference to some recent incidents in the Indian context. 2009
What are the Rights within the ambit of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution? (50 words) 2012
Discuss Section 66A of the IT Act, with reference to the alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (200 words) 2013
What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression” ? Does it cover hate speech also ? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. 2014
What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss 2014
Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgment(s) of the Apex Court in this regard 2015
Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. 2017
Right to movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute”. Comment 2022

4. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

Write short notes in 150 words on Directive Principles of State Policy. 1997
Mention any three Directive Principles concerning social and economic justice. 1984
What additions have been made to the Directive Principles of State Policy since the commencement of the Constitution? 1985
Briefly mention why and how the Chapter on Directive Principles gained precedence over the Chapter on Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. (About 250 words) 1987
Besides the Directive contained in Part IV, there are certain other Directives addressed to the state in other parts of the Constitution. What are they? (150 words) 1992
What have been the observations of the Supreme Court in a recent judgment in respect of a Uniform Civil Code? (in about 50 words) 1995
Briefly state the stages through which the present position of the Directive Principles vis-a-vis the Fundamental rights has emerged. 1998
What is the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy? Mention which Directive Principles of State Policy have primacy over Fundamental Rights. (in about 150 words) 1999
What is the constitutional position of Directive Principles of State Policy? How has it been interpreted by the judiciary after the emergency in 1975-77 ? (in about 250 words) 2001
Discuss the constitutional provisions relating to the nonjusticiable directives binding upon the states. (in about 150 words) 2002

5. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

Write a short note on the Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens, (in about 150 words) 1980
Indicate the nature of the Fundamental Duties inserted in our Constitution. 1982
What are the fundamental duties and their implications,(in about 150 words) 1993
Write any four fundamental duties prescribed in the Constitution of India. 1997
Identify the major Fundamental Duties, (in about 150 words) 2003
Enumerate the Fundamental Duties incorporated in the Constitution after the 42nd Amendment. 2008
‘Essentially all that is contained in Part IV – A of the Constitution is just a codification of tasks integral to the Indian way of life/ Critically examine this statement, (in about 250 words) 2011

6. SEPARATION OF POWER BETWEEN VARIOUS ORGAN, DISPUTE REDRESSAL MECHANISMS AND INSTITUTIONS

Separation of power is essential to ensure individual liberty. Discuss this with regard to the provision in the constitution and practices adopted so far. 1983
Do you think that the constitution of India does not accept the principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balances? Explain. (10 Marks) 2019
Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (250 Words, 15 Marks) 2020

7. COMPARISON OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION WITH OTHER COUNTRY

What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism ? 2019
The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in the recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (Answer in 150 words) 2020
Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (Answer in 250 words) 2021
Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (Answer in 250 words) 2022
Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. 2023

8. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

State (not more than 2 lines) as to what the following stands for the 42nd Amendment. 1979
What is the basic structure of the Constitution of India? Briefly review the important amendments to the Constitution since its adoption by the Constituent Assembly. Specify any particular amendments which were later repealed and the reasons therefor. (About 500 words) 1979
What was the amendment made,in1976, in the Preamble of our Constitution? Discuss its significance, (in about 250 words) 1983
What is the objective of the Commission of Inquiry (Amendment) Bill of 1986? 1988
What are the major recommendations of the National Perspective Plan for women, 1988 and what are the relevant recommendations as envisaged in the Constitutional Amendment Bill (64th Amendment) ? (in about 150 words) 1990
What are the general features of the amending procedures of the Constitution of India ? (About 250 words) 1990
Four more languages were added to the 8th Schedule of the Constitution through two amendments. Give the names of these four languages as also the serial number of amendments. 1994
Highlight the significance of the Twenty Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of India ? (in about 150 words) 1999
What are the main differences between the passage of a Constitution Amendment Bill and other Legislative Bills? (in about 250 words) 2001
What is the importance of the 84th Amendment of the Indian Constitution? (20 marks) 2002
How is the Constitution of India amended? Do you think that the procedure for amendment makes The Constitution a plaything in the hands of the Centre? (in about 250 words) 20002
Highlight the significance of Forty-Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of India. (150 words) 2003
How would you differentiate between the passage of a Constitution Amendment Bill and of an Ordinary Legislative Bill. 2006
With respect to Cooperative Societies what are the salient features of the 106th and 111^th Constitutional Amendment Bills as at present ? (150 words) 2010
What are the salient features of the Consumer Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2011 introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2011 ? 2012
‘The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution’. Discuss critically. (200 words) 2013
If the amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Protection Act 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect. Critically Evaluate. 2015
Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics? 2016
Explain the salient features of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for a common national market for goods and services’? 2017
“Parliament’s power to amend the Constitutions is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? 2019
Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? 2023

9. EMERGENCY PROVISION

Many countries which achieved independence after the war have come under dictatorship or military rule. What are the forces that have enabled India to maintain a democratic system ? Consider in this connection, the emergency provisions in the Constitution of India, in making your presentation. (About 250 words) 1983
Under what circumstances, can the Financial Emergency be imposed in India ? 1987
Explain the significance of the April 1994 Supreme Court judgement on the proclamation of President’s rule, (in about 150 words) 1994
Define Financial Emergency. How many times has this been proclaimed so far ? 1995
What is Article 356 in the Indian Constitution? Comment 1997
What do you know about the following: Article 356 (in 20 words) 1998
Discuss the meaning of breakdown of constitutional machinery. What are its effects, (in about 250 words) 2004
Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? 2018
Account for the legal and political factors responsible of the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s. 2023

10. SILENT FEATURES OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE’S ACT, 1951

On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of peoples Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification. 2019
“There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of peoples Act” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 2020
Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void ? what remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (Answer in 250 words) 2022

11. CORRUPTION

What are the significant features of Lokpal Bill recently introduced in the Lok Sabha ? 1998
Point out the constitution and functions of the Central Vigilance Commission. 1998
Write notes on the Lokpal bill. (125 words) 2007
Examine corruption as a serious development challenge in Indian Polity. 2009
A national Lokpal however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problem of immorality in public affairs. Discuss.2023

12. STATE’S AUTONOMY/CREATION/MOVEMENT

What is the scheme of division of powers between the Centre and the States under the Constitution of India? Discuss whether the grant of greater autonomy to the States would be in the interests of strengthening the integrity and promoting the economic development of the country. (About 500 words) 1979
Keeping in view the political developments in India, explain how the need for national integration and the urge for regional autonomy can be reconciled. (About 250 words) 1985
Why has the Jharkhand Movement acquired prominence? What are its main demands? (in about 50 words) 1989
Examine whether the grant of greater autonomy to the States would be in the interest of strengthening the integrity and promoting the economic development of the country, especially in the light of recent happenings in our Country. (About 250 words) 1991
Discuss the justification for the creation of new states in the U.P. and Bihar. (100 words) 1998
How are the new States formed in India? Why have the demands of separate states like those of Vidarbha, Telangana etc. not been considered by the Government recently? (in about 150 words) 1998
Examine the demand for greater State-autonomy and also its impact on the smooth functioning of the Indian polity, (in about 250 words)
Examine the demand for greater state autonomy and its Impact on the smooth functioning of Indian polity. (150 words) 2008
Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor In generation of demand for a separate State. Discuss. (200 words) 2013
Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that more number of smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss. (200 words) 2013
To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. 2016
Discuss whether the formation of a new state in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India. 2018
Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (Answer in 250 words) 2021

13. CIVIL SERVICE IN INDIA

What are the respective roles of the political leadership and the permanent civil services in the governance of India? What steps, if any, in your view, have to be taken to secure better appreciation of the functions of the civil Services and to secure their proper and efficient functioning ? (About 500 words) 1980
The Supreme Court has held that a Government servant could be dismissed or removed from service without an inquiry, under Article 311 (2) (B) of the Constitution in ‘public interest’ and for ‘public good’. What is your view on this issue? (About 75 words) 1985
Examine the role of the bureaucracy as an instrument of social and economic change in India. In this context, discuss the relationship between the ministers and the civil servants in the policy-making process. (About 250 words) 1986
Describe the Constitutional position of the Civil Services in India. How is their neutrality and independence sought to be achieved? (in about 150 words) 1990
What are the constitutional provisions that ensure the independence of the Public Service Commissions in India? (in about 150 words) 1991
Distinguish between the All-India Services and Central Services. 1992
How does the Indian Constitution Seek to maintain independence of the Public Service Commission ? (in about 250 words) 2004
Has the Cadre based Civil Services Organization been the cause of slow change in India ? Critically examine. 2014
Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment. (2017)
Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance.” In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (150 words, 10 marks) 2020

14. INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTE

What are the basic points of dispute over the sharing of the Cauvery water ? What are the recommendations of the Supreme Court ? (30 words) 1990
What role can the Union Government play in settling inter-state water disputes ? 1996
What solution has been arrived at recently in the Cauvery water dispute ? (50 words) 1998
Under what Article of the Constitution an the Union Government play its role in settling inter-state water disputes ? (20 words) 2002
The Inter-State river water dispute has once again assumed center-stage after the Punjab Assembly’s Bill terminating all previous accords on river waters. Discuss. (In about 250 words) 2004
How does the Inter-State Council establish co-ordination between States ? (150 words) 2006
“Disputes between the riparian states on sharing of river waters in post-Independence India are Becoming increasingly complex.” Objectively analyze the major disputes in this connection, with special reference to the Southern States. 2010
Constitutional mechanism to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both ? Discuss. (200 words) 2013

15. CAG AND ATTORNEY GENERAL

What are the functions of the Attorney General ? (in about 1 or 2 sentence) 1981
Define the duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India in regard to Audit and show how the Constitution provides for his independence from Executive Control. (250 words) 1989
What Constitutional provisions make the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India independent ? 1996
Distinguish between the auditing and accounting functions of the CAG of India. 2008
Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Governments policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. 2016
“The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and term of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise 2018
The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss 2019

16. THE UNION EXECUTIVE

To what authority is the Union Council of Ministers collectively responsible ? 1979
Write short notes on Bonus Ordinance issued by the President in August 80. (150 words) 1980
Write short notes on CHOGRM II, NEW DELHI, 1980 in about 150 words. 1980
Describe briefly the legislative and executive powers of the President of India. Have there been any changes during the past decade ? Offer your comments. (in about 150 words) 1981
Can a member of Parliament be the Minister of a State? (in about 1 or 2 sentence) 1981
How is the Vice-President of India chosen ? (in about 1 or 2 sentence) 1981
The Office of the President of India was designed on the British model. With this background, consider the modifications of the executive powers of the President by the 42nd Amendment, 1976 and thereafter by the 44^th Amendment 1978 to the Constitution of India. Comment on the changes. (150 words) 1982
On what grounds can the President of India be impeached ? 1984
Distinguish between the Head of States and the Head of Government Which of the two Offices is more important India ? 1984
Write a note on the Ordinance making power of the President of India. (150 words) 1986
What categories of persons are nominated by the President to the Rajya Sabha ? 1986
How is the Vice-President of India elected ? 1986
To what extent does the President of India possess discretionary powers ? If any, what are they ? (in about 150 words) 1987
Discuss the relationship between the Executive and the legislative wings with reference to India. (in about 150 words) 1989
Examine the constitutional relation between the President and the Prime Minister of India. (About 250 words) 1991
Discuss the powers of the President of India regarding the scheduled areas. (150 words) 1991
Distinguish between Care-taker Government and Minority Government. 1991
State the difference between the Minister and Cabinet. 1991
State the difference between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet. 1992
Explain the status of the Ministers known as ‘Ministers of State’. 1995
How are the President and the Vice President of India elected ? What are the constitutional issues involved in their election ? (About 250 words) 1997
Explain the concept of Prime Ministerial Government’ and accounts for its decline in recent times in India, (in about 250 words) 1997
How is the Vice-President of India elected ? (in about 25 words) 1999
Do you justify the Prime Minister’s entry into Parliament through the Rajya Sabha ? (20 words) 2000
Comment on the nature of Ordinance-making power of the President of India. What safeguards are there against possible misuse ? (150 words) 2001
What is the composition of the Electoral College for the election of the President of the Indian Republic? How is the value of votes cast counted ? (250 words) 2002
Discuss the question of death sentence and Presidential clemency. (250 words) 2003
State the difference between Council of Ministers and the Cabinet. (20 words) 2003
How is the Vice President of India elected ? (20 words) 2003
To what extent can the President withhold his assent to a Bill already passed by the Parliament ? (20 words) 2006
What are the exceptions when the President of India is not bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers ? (150 words) 2007
How is the President of India elected ? 2007
What is the difference between the Council of Ministers and Cabinet ? 2007
Write on Pocket Veto in about 20 words. 2009
The exercise of executive clemency is not a privilege but is based on several principles, and discretion has to be exercised in public considerations. ‘Analyze this statement in the context of the judicial powers of the President of India. (250 words) 2011
Determining the Value ‘assigned to the vote of a Member of a State Legislative Assembly and of a Member of Parliament in the Indian Presidential elections. 2012
Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences have come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. 2014
The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far is the efficacy of a government then inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss. 2014
Resorting to ordinance has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? 2015
What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss 2015

17. PARLIAMENT

What is meant by ‘Sovereignty of Parliament’ ? Consider whether the Indian Parliament is a sovereign body. (in about 150 words) 1982
When is a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament held? Who summons the sitting? Who presides over it ? 1982
When can Parliament make a law on a subject given in the State list ? 1982
Despite all the talk about the need for an effective opposition, why has it not been possible to develop an effective opposition in India? Enumerate the principal impediments to the achievement of the much desired political Objective, (in about 150 words) 1984
How does the Parliament seek to exercise control over the public sector undertakings? 1986
Identify the nature and method of parliamentary control over the executive in Indian polity. (About 250 Words) 1987
Discuss the methods by which Parliament controls public expenditure in India.(About 250 words) 1988
State the privileges of the members of the Parliament? 1988
What is meant by collective responsibility of Parliamentary democracy ? 1988
Discuss the powers, privileges and immunities of the Indian Parliament. (About 250 words) 1989
What is contempt of Parliament ? Mention its various kinds. 1990
What Is lame-duck-session of legislature ? 1990
Who isa Pro tern Speaker ? What are his responsibilities? 1992
Describe the doctrine of colourable legislation. (150 words) 1993
What is delegated legislation and which are the factors responsible for its increase ? (in about 150 words) 1996
What are the Consolidated and Contingency Funds of India. How are the two operated ? (in about 150 words) 1996
The Writ of Mandamus can not be granted against certain person. Who they are ? 1996
What is meant by ‘Protem Speaker’ ? 1998
Which of the cases regarding disqualifications for Membership of either House of Parliament are decided by the President ? 1998
Differentiate between Parliamentary Secretary and Lok Sabha Secretary. 1998
Who presides over the Joint-Session of the two Houses of the Indian Parliament over a non-money bill ? (in about 25 words) 1999
What is the maximum gap between two sessions of the Indian Parliament? (25 words) 1999
How does Parliament control the Union Executive? How effective is its control? (250 words) 2000
What is the Contempt of Parliament ? 2000
Explain the Local Area Development Scheme of the Members of Parliament. 2001
When is the device of joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament not available? 2001
The issue of a hung Parliament adversely affects the stability of the Indian Government.” Discuss the statement and point out how far changing over to the Presidential form of government will be a solution to this problem. (in about 250 words) 2002
What is the role of the pro-tem speaker ? (20 words) 2002
What is meant by the ‘lame-duck session’ of the legislature? 2002
Discuss Parliamentary Control over the Executive, (in about 250 words) 2003
Identify the major obstacles in the smooth functioning of Parliamentary democracy in India. 2003
Define Money-bill. Discuss how it is passed in the Parliament. (150 words) 2004
Who and what does the Indian Parliament consist of ? (20 words) 2005
On what grounds can a member be disqualified from either House of Parliament ? (250 words) 2006
Explain the following terms : (20 words) 2006
1. Dissolution of the House
2. Prorogation of the House
3. Adjournment of the business of the House
What is Consolidated Fund of India? 2006
What is pro tern Speaker ? (150 words) 2007
Under what circumstances , Parliament may legislate on State subjects ? (150 words) 2007
What is Casting Vote? 2007
What is Consolidated fund ? (20words) 2007
What is contempt of Parliament? 2008
The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 5 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of uncodified and unenumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the parliamentary privileges. How can this problem be addressed? 2014
To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? 2021

18. LOK SABHA

When is a member of the Lok Sabha qualified to be appointed leader of the opposition ? 1981
What is the provision in the Constitution for representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha ? 1981
Examine the powers and functions of the speaker of the Lok Sabha. (about 150 words) 1981
What are the functions of the Business Advisory Committee of the Loksabha ? 1990
Explain the scope of Article 1995
Examine the reasons for the non – introduction of Women’s Reservation Bill in the Lok Sabha. (in about 250 words) 1998
What is Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha ? 2001
Bring out the powers and responsibilities attached to the office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. 2001
“Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implication ns for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (Answer in 150 words) 2020

19. RAJYA SABHA

What categories of persons are nominated by the President of India to the Rajya Sabha? 1979
Discuss the provisions of Article 249 of the Indian Constitution. (150 words) 1986
Explain the relevance of Rajya Sabha asa second chamber in the Federal set-up of the Indian Parliamentary System. (150 words) 1989
“There are certain spheres where the Rajya Sabha alone has the authority. What are they? 1989
Describe the procedure for the creation of Second Chamber of the State Legislature. 1990
Describe the powers and functions of the Council of States. Compare its powers with those of the House of the People. (About 250 words) 1993
Describe the non-federal features of the Council of States. (150 words) 1995
In what ways is the RAJYA SABHA expected to play a special role in todays changing political scenario? (About 250 words) 1999
Explain the relevance of Rajya Sabha as a second chamber in the federal set up of Indian Parliamentary System.(150 words) 2003
Write brief but precise note on Legislative powers assigned to the Rajya Sabha under Art. 249 and Art. 312 of the Constitution. 2010
Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. (Answer in 250 words) 2020
Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (Answer in 150 words) 2022

20. PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE

What is Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament in India? 1982
Describe the organization and functions of the committee system in Indian Parliament. 1989
Discuss the value of the consultative committees attached to the different Ministries of the Government of India? 1989
Indicate the structure and functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings. (150 words) 1992
FvDlain e functions of the Estimates Committee. (150 words) 1995
Assess the importance of the role played by the Public Accounts Committee. (150 words) 1999
Examine the role of Estimates Committee. 150 words) 2000
Explain the role of the Public Accounts Committee. (150 words) 2002
Distinction between ‘Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committees’ and ‘Parliamentary Forums’. Comment, (in about 150 words) 2011
Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. 0.Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.2017
Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role of Estimates Committee. 2018
Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words) 2021
Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalization of Indian Parliament? 2023

21. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS

Write short notes on Procedure relating to Money Bills to be passed by Parliament. (150 words) 1980
What is Appropriation Bill? 1986
What do you understand by ‘zero-hour’ in the conduct of business in Parliament?
What is meant by a Cut Motion in Parliament? Mention its different kinds. 1988
Distinguish between a starred question and an unstarred one asked in the Parliament. 1989
How is breach of Parliament Privilege different from Contempt of the House? (1989)
Explain what is a point of order? When can it be raised? 1989
Distinguish between Annual Financial Statement and Annual Finance Bill. 1992
What is a Cut Motion? Discuss its significance. (in about 150 words) 1996
. What do Rule 184 and 19in Parliamentary Procedure signify? 1997
What is a Privilege Motion? 1998
In case of any dispute whether a bill is a money bill or not, whose decision is final? (25 words) 1999
What is vote on account? (20 words) 2000
What is a Privilege Motion? (20 words) 2000
What is Call Attention Motion? 2001
What is a point of order? When can it be raised? (in about 20 words) 2003
What is a Privilege Motion? 2003
What is meant by Sine-die’ adjournment? (20 words)
What is a Censure Motion? 2007
Distinguish between a starred question and an unstarred one asked in the Parliament. 2008
What are the grounds of disqualification of a Member of Parliament from either House? Quote relevant provisions in your answer. (150 words)
How is disagreement between the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly of a State in passing of an ordinary Bill, resolved?
The role of individual MPs (Member of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attnbuted to the anti defection law which was legislated but with a different intention? (200 words) 2013
The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding a joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. 2017
Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. 2019

22. JUDICIARY

Write short notes not exceeding 150 words on Role of the judiciary in India. 1979
How will you define ‘judicial review’. 1982
Discuss the importance of the independence of judiciary in a democracy. (150 words) 1984
What is the meaning of public interest litigation? 1985
What is public interest litigation? What are the circumstances contributing to its prominence in recent times? (About 0 words) 1986
How are Chief Justices of High Courts in India appointed? 1987
Explain the scope of the Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. (150 words) 1992
What is the position of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of India? Discuss its role as a guardian of the Constitution. (About 250 words) 1995
What is meant by ‘Judicial Activism’? Evaluate its role in reducing corruption in public life. (About 0 words on each. 1995
. Evaluate the significance of Supreme Court judgement on the Income Tax Returns of political parties, (about 50 words) 1996
Present your views for and against the creation of an All India Judicial Service. (150 word. 1997
Bring out the Issues involved in the appointments and transfer of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts in India. (50 words) 1998
What constitutes the doctrine of ‘basic features’ as introduced into the Constitution of India by the Judiciary? (in about 250 words) 2000
Explain Public Interest Litigation. Who can file it and on what basis can it be rejected by the Court of Law?(in about 125 words) 2000
What is the position of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of India? How far does it play its role as the guardian of the Constitution? (250 words) 2002
How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed? (20 words) 2004
Is it possible to distinguish between judicial review and judicial activism in India? Does the recent behavior of the Indian judiciary partake more of judicial activism? Argue with suitable examples.(250 words) 2005
What is the common point between Articles 14 and 226 of the Indian Constitution? 2005
Isthe High Courts’ power to issue writs’ wider than that of the Supreme Court of India? (150 words) 2006
What is meant by “Judicial Activism’? Evaluate its role in the context of the functioning of Indian polity. (250 words) 2008
Write about the Supreme Court on Ragging. 2008
Evolution of “Green Benches’ in our higher judiciary. Comment, (in about 150 words) 2011
Starting from inventing the “basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. ‘ 2014
From the resolution of contentious issues regarding the distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain 2019
Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. 2017
Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (Answer in 150 words) 2021
Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India. 2023

23. STATUTORY, REGULATORY AND QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES

“For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous”. Discuss in the light of experience in the recent past. 2015
What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples 2016
How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India. 2018
“The Central Administrative Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain. 2019
Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body. (Answer in 150 words) 2022

24. STATE EXECUTIVE

Who is eligible to be appointed Governor of a State in India? 1983
How is the Governor of a State appointed in India? Does the manner of his appointment ensure his Independent functioning? (150 words) 1984
When can the Governor of a State reserve a bill for consideration by the President? 1984
Examine the role and functions of the State Governors as set out in the Constitution of India. 1988
Explain the nature and extent of discretionary powers and special responsibilities of the Governor in the Indian Constitution. (150 words) 1990
When can the Governor of a State reserve a Bill for consideration by the President of India? 1991
“In India, though the Governor is the constitutional head of a state just as the President of the country, the former may be enjoying more powers than the latter. Do you agree? Give reasons. (About 250 words) 1994
Is there any provision to impeach the Governor of a State? (25 words) 1999
What were the two major considerations to have the Governor appointed and not elected? 2008
Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinance by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (Answer in 250 words) 2022

25. STATE LEGISLATURE

How and by which authority can a State Legislative Council be abolished? 1983
Should the Speaker of a Legislative Assembly appear before the courts on summons? Justify your viewpoint.(50 words) 1993
What is a bicameral legislature? Mention the states that have a bicameral legislature in our country. 1995
On what grounds the Legislative Councils are justified? How is it created or abolished in a State? (150 words) 1998
Why is it said that the center has absolute veto over State Legislature? (20 words) 2001
Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of State Legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. 2023

26. LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

Panchayati Raj has been designed to function as the grassroots of democracy in India. Describe its Organizational set-up. What is the present position? Assess the performance of the Panchayati System. 1981
What were the aims with which the Panchayati Raj was created in India? Have these aims been fulfilled? What is the present position of the Panchayati Raj? (150 words) 1983
What changes, according to you, have taken place In the power structure in rural India in recent decades? (in about 150 words) 1985
Bring out the main change in the Panchayati Raj System in India through the Seventy Third Constitutional Amendment Act? (150 words) 1993
Highlight the significance of the Seventy-Third Amendment to the Constitution of India? (150 words) 1998
What is meant by the ‘fringe areas’ in the sphere of local government in India? (20 words) 2002
Discuss how state governments can exercise control over panchayats. (150 words) 2004
Would you say that the implementation of the Panchayati System in the last 20 years has led to real restructuring of the Indian polity? 2005
Write on PESA, 1996 in about 20 words.2009
The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance.” Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. 2017
Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing development projects? 2018
“The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (250 words) 2019
“The States in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. 2023

27. PARTY SYSTEM IN INDIA/PRESSURE GROUP

Name three important regional political parties in India. 1979
With which political party is the All-India Trade Union Congress aligned? 1979
Is it correct to describe the party system in India as a “one-party dominant system’? Give reasons for your answer. (150 words) 1985
What is the party, affiliation of each of the following trade unions? INTUC; AITUC ; IFTU ; HMS ; CITU. 1985
Discuss the role of the pressure groups in Indian politics. (150 words) 1986
“There are political personalities but no political parties in India.’ Comment. (150 words) 1987
Distinguish between value-based politics and personality-based politics. 1991
Examine the role of caste in Indian politics. (150 words) 2008
Examine the impact of Regional Political Parties in Indian politics. (150words) 2008
Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regard to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India. (200 words) 2013
“The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transaction which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss 2016
How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? 2017
What are the methods used by the farmers’ organizations to influence the policy-makers in India and how effective are these methods? 2019
“Pressure Groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. 2021
While the national political parties in India favors centralization, the regional parties are in favors of State autonomy.” Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 2022

28. ELECTION/ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA/ANTI DEFECTION

Write short notes on Problems of political defections and possible remedies. (150 words) 1979
Write short notes on functions of the Election Commission. 1979
What is “floor crossing’? Have Governments legislated on the subject of “floor crossing’? 1980
There have been allegations about malpractices in the process of election to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas. What are the major malpractices reported by the political parties, mass media, etc.? What remedial measures have been taken by the Chief Election Commissioner In this connection? Have you any suggestions to offer on further measures, which can be taken to eliminate or reduce such malpractices? (Not more than 200 words) 1982
The phenomenon of political defections in India has assumed large proportions in recent years. Bring out the factors responsible for the growth of this phenomenon. Is it right to say that ban on defection will amount to suppression of freedom of thought and action? (About 250 words) 1982
Discuss the composition and functions of the Election Commission. (450 words) 1984
Why was it considered necessary to pass the anti-defection bill. In what ways is it likely to improve the political health of the country? 1985
Analyse the main factors which influenced the voting patterns in the 1984 Lok Sabha Sections in India. (150 words) 1985
What are the main features of the Anti-defection legislation of 1985? (150 words) 1987
Explain the Constitutional responsibilities of the Election Commission of India. (150 words) 1988
Review the present Electoral System In India and suggest modifications to ensure better and healthier Policy. (In about 250 words) 1990
Describe the composition and functions of the Election Commission of India. (150 words) 1993
What is the stand of the Election Commission on the residential qualification of the members of the Rajya Sabha? (0 words) 1994
Explain the position of the Election Commission with regard to the residential qualification of the members of the Council of States. What do you think about it? (150 words) 1994
Describe the salient features of Anti-Defection Law. (150 words) 1995
The recent elections in India seem to necessitate a change In the style of governance. Explain. (50 words) 1996
How are electoral constituencies delimited for Parliamentary elections In India. 1996
What Is the major recommendation of Dinesh Goswaml Committee? 1996
Differentiate and state the significance of general election, mid-term election and by-election. (150 words 1998
Identify the major electoral reforms which are necessary in the Indian Political System. (150 words) 2000
Describe the methods of delimiting constituencies for parliamentary elections in India. 2002
How is the Section Commission of India constituted?(20 words) 2004
What are the steps that the Section Commission may take if a recalcitrant State Government wants to put off Assembly Elections? (150 words) 2005
What are the main determinants of voting behavior in India? (250 words) 2007
What is criminalization of politics? 2007
What is value-based politics? (125 words) 2007
Are the traditional determinants of voting behavior in India changing? Examine in the context of the last General Sections. 2009
Simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (150 words) 2017
To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 20What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? 2017
In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? 2018
Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (Answer in 250 words) 2022

29. DIFFERENT INSTITUTION/COMMITTEES/COMMISSION

Write short note on: The Finance Commission (in about 150 words)
Describe the composition and functions of the National Development Council. 1981
What are the functions of the Zonal Council? 1982
Explain the role of the National Development Council. 1985
For what purpose was the Ranganath Mishra Commission appointed? 1985
State the functions of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. 1987
Write a short note on the financial aspect of Sarkaria Commission Report. (About 40 words) 1988
Distinguish between the status, organization and specific roles of the Planning Commission and the Finance Commission in India. (250 words) 1989
What are Zonal Councils? Discuss their constitution, role and importance in achieving inter-state comity. About 250 words) 1992
Explain the status, composition and functions of the Minorities Commission. (150 words) 1992
Describe the composition and functions of the National Development Council. (150 words) 1993
Explain the role of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council in the formulation of public policy in India. (About 250 words) 1994
Discuss the composition and functions of the National Security Council. (150 words) 1999
What is a Finance Commission? Discuss the main functions of the State Finance Commission. (150 words) 2004
Discuss the composition and functions of the Union Public Service Commission. (150 words) 2008
Write about the M. Punchi Commission. 2008
In the changing context of governance in the country, what should be the role of the UPSC? 2009
To implement one key recommendation of the Mohini Giri Committee, the Government has recently announced the constitution of a National Council. Highlight the composition and the mandate of this National Council. (50 words) 2012
Discuss the recommendations of the Thirteenth Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (200 words) 2013
Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine 2018
How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. 2018
The multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections of the society leads to problems of overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case. (250 words) 2018
Which steps are required for institutionalizing of a commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. (Answer in 250 words) 2020
How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (Answer in 150 words) 2021
Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. 2023

30. FEDERALISM / UNION-STATE RELATIONS / DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS BETWEEN UNION AND STATES

Analyze the causes of controversy in India, in recent years, in regard to Union-State relations. What are the specific areas of discord? Consider the main issues and offer your comments and suggestions. (About 400 words) 1981
What is the purpose of having a concurrent list in the Constitution of India. 1981
India is not a federation; but it has definite federal features. Elucidate. Planning and federalism make uneasy partners; the planning operations in India have led to erosion of federalism. Discuss. (About 250 Words) 1982
What were the objectives in having three separate legislative lists in the Constitution of India? Can the Parliament make laws in regard to any item in the State list? If so, under what situation? Does any of the issues arising from the above give rise to Union-State controversies? (About 250 words) 1983
Why was education taken out of the State list and inserted in the concurrent list? 1983
Riparian rights are a source of disputes. How are they resolved in a federal system? (About 75 words)

1986

Briefly mention the factors which have promoted concentration of power in the Centre in India and discuss the response of the States to this tendency. (About 250 words) 1986
Mention any three important entries in the Concurrent list in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. 1986
Why is the Indian Constitution called quasi-federal? 1987
. “ The emphasis in modern federations should not be one division and separation but on Collaboration and on Cooperation.” Discuss the statement in the context of Indian Policy. (In about 250 words) 1990
‘The planning operations in India have led to erosion of federalism/ Discuss. (150 words) 1991
What are the essentials of a true federation? Analyse the nature of the Indian federation. (About 250 words) 1993
1Discuss the major extra-constitutional factors influencing the working of federal polity in India. (150 words) 2000
Discuss the administrative relations between the centre and the states in the light of recent controversies. (in about 250 words) 2001
What are the constitutional restrictions imposed upon the power of borrowing of the state governments? (20 words) 2004
Comment on the financial relations between the Union and the States in India. Has post-199liberlization in any way affected it? (250 words) 2005
Discuss the major extra-constitutional factors influencing the federal polity in India. (250 words) 2008
Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the Nagas as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution. (200 words) 2013
Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. 2014
The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. 2015
Whether the Supreme Court Judgment (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. 2018
How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer (Answer in 150 words) 2020
Indian constitution exhibits centralizing tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts. (Answer in 250 words) 2020
The strength sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funs’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (Answer in 250 words) 2020
To what extent, in your opinion, as the decentralization power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? 2022

31. LEGAL ISSUES

What is Section 309 IPC about? Why was it in the news recently? 1994
Write about Section 377 of IPC.2009
The Right of Person with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitization of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 2022

32. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF GOVERNANCE

Though Citizens charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizen’s satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyse. [200 words] () 2013
‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs.’ Discuss. [200 words] 2013
Two parallel run schemes of the Government, viz the Aadhaar card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national level and litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth. (200 words) 2014
Has the Cadre based Civil Service Organisation been the cause of slow change in India? Critically examine. (200 words) 2014
In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability. 2015
“If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 201tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate. 2015
“In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal’. Critically examine this statement. 2016
“Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are inter-dependent.” Discuss their relationship in the context of India. 2016
E-governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information. Explain. 2018
The Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability, but it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness of the Citizens’ Charter.2018
Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based Projects/ Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation. 2019
“Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (150 words) 2020
“The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (150 words) 2020
Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification. (Answer in 250 words) 2021
To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralization of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (Answer in 150 words) 2022
The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous coordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) 2022
Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 2022
E-Governance, as a critical tool of Governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in Governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features? (Answer in 150 words) 2023

33. MISCELLANEOUS

Explain the significance of Article 370 in the Constitution of India. 1988
State the significance of Article 370 of our Constitution. 1990
Distinguish between Care-taker Government and Minority Government. 1991
Why was Education taken out of the State List and inserted in the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution? 1991
What is the value of ‘0 and M’ in Administration? 1991
What is the content of the th Schedule of the Constitution of India? 1993
What is our country’s highest civilian award? Who are the two foreigners on whom the award was conferred? 1994
Why does the Constitution of India contain different forms of Oath for the President, the Ministers, the legislators and the members of the Judiciary? Discuss their significance. (About 250 words) 1996
What are the functions of the Human Rights Commission of India? 1996
Discuss the factors responsible for the rise of regionalism in India. How does it influence the political system? (150 words) 1997
What is meant by Gujral Doctrine’? Write its specific principle. 1997
Give a brief account of C.M.P. (Common Minimum Programme) of the United Front Government at the Centre. 1997
What is Caretaker Government? 2002
Distinguish between Cabinet Secretariat and Prime Minister s Secretariat. Which of these is more important? (150 words) 2001
Why does the Constitution of India provide different forms of Oaths for the President, the Ministers, the legislators and the members of the judiciary? Discuss their significance.(250 words) 2002
What are the preconditions for the growth of Civil Society? Is Indian democracy conducive to it? 2003
What are the protections afforded to Scheduled Tribes in the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution? (20 words) 2005
Discuss economic backwardness as a major challenge of Indian democracy. Can democracy and development go together smoothly? (250 words) 2006