International Relation UPSC Mains Topic Wise Previous Year Questions (1979-2023

1. India and The World

1. UNITED NATION

Briefly describe the founding of the United Nations. 1979
Describe briefly about-UNESCO. 1979
What does UNCTAD stand for? Where did it meet last? State briefly the result of the meeting. (50 words) 1983
What do you know of the new Secretary-General of the United Nations? Mention some of the more challenging tasks he has to face in his new assignment. 1991
When and where was the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held recently? What was its major decision? 1992
What were the objects of the UN-sponsored elections in Cambodia? To what extent was the UN successful in bringing peace to Cambodia? Discuss. 1993
What have been the recent recommendations of the World Bank on India’s Family Welfare programme? How do these recommendations compare with those which emerged from the Cairo Conference on Population and Development in 1994? 1995
Write a note on the Economic and Social Council. 2000
What does the UNCIP stand for? 2001
Which is the latest right confirmed by the 57 session of the United Nations? 2001
What is the ‘Veto’ in the UN-system? 2003
Discuss the role of the United Nations in the protection and promotion of Human Rights. 2003
What do the following stand for: (i) IBRD (ii) UNHCR. 2003
Who is Hans Blix? 2003
What is the significance of the Robin Island? 2003
Write about UNIDO. (20 words) 2006
Write on Universal Declaration of Human Rights (150 words) 2008
World Food Programme (WEP) of the United Nations (UN). Comment.2011
Critically review the international concern in achieving the targets set for the Millennium Development Goals. (150 words) 2012
What are the aims and objectives of the Mcbride Commission of UNESCO? What is India’s position on these? 2016
What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. 2017
‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life’. Discuss the statement in the light of US withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body being ‘anti-Israel bias’. 2019

2. UNITED STATE OF AMERICA

Why did the USA withdraw her support from UNESCO? (50 words) 1984
Who are known as the Contras in Central America? What is the American Governments’ policy towards them?(75 words) 1986
Discuss the objectives of the Venice Summit held recently. Who were the participants? What were the major resolutions adopted at it? 1987
Discuss the significance of the INF Treaty between Soviet Union and the USA. (125 words) 1988
Write a short note on the recent shift in the US attitude towards the PLO. 1989
Explain in brief the major shift in the American polio/ towards Kampuchea. (75 words) 1990
What main topics were discussed at the NATO Summit at Rome recently and indicate the main trends which emerged out of it? 1991
What punitive steps have been taken by the Bush administration against Pakistan to discourage it from its nuclear weapon programme? 1992
Explain the background of and the reasons for the strained US-Japanese trade relations. 1994
What strategic moves have recently been made by the USA and China in the South Pacific region? Is the USA withdrawing from this region? 1995
In what respects can the recent bilateral deal between the USA and Japan be considered as mockery of the GATT treaty? 1995
How has the Taiwan issue influenced US-China relations during the last one year? (250 words) 1996
What was the Pathfinder by Mission? What were its main findings? 1997
What fallout can the ‘Mir’ troubles have on the future of US- Russian Co-operation in space? 1997
Who has claimed the responsibility for the recent bomb attacks on American embassies at Nairobi and Dar-E- Salam? What are their demands? 1998
What are the reasons for the recent diplomatic confrontation between the USA and China? What specific measures have been taken by the USA to defuse the tension building up in the Taiwan Strait? 1999
Explain the position of US visa-vis the League of Nations. 2000
Discuss the global response to President George Bush’s ‘National Missile Defense Plan’ (NMD).2001
Discuss the significance of Kyoto Protocol. Why is U.S.A. not signing it? 2001
Explain the position of US visa-vis the League of Nations. 2001
Highlight the main points of Nuclear Disarmament Treaty signed by US President George Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin in May 2002. 2002
Explain US stand on the proposal for establishing an International Crime Court. 2002
What is the significance of Enola Gay in world history? 2003
Why is Guantanamo Bay in the news now? 2003
Write about: Camp David Accord of 1978. (20 words) 2005
Will a grand axis of India, China and Russia challenge the unipolar supremacy of the US? Elaborate your views. 2005
Explain the China-US textile war. 2005
What is a rogue state? 2005
US policy on Iran’s nuclear programme. 2006
“Thus USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (150 words) 2021

3. RUSSIA

Why did USSR sent troops to Afghanistan? What are the broad issues involved? What has been India’s response to the Afghan situation? 1980
When did the world come to know about Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor disaster and how? How does a Chernobyl type reactor work? What lessons can India draw from this accident? (125 words) 1986
What are the main features of the agreement between Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and the West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in July, 1990 on terms of German Unification? 1990
Briefly describe the chain of major events towards the end of 1991
which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachov. Who assumed the Soviet Unions membership in the United Nations including that in the Security Council. (250 words) 1991
For what reasons have Russia and Japan failed to sign a peace treaty? What are the latest developments in this respect? 1992
Indicate the principal issues that dominated the political debate in the presidential elections of 1996 in Russia. 1996
Describe the recent significant developments in Sino-Russian relations. How have the Russian people reacted to these developments? (250 words) 1997
What is the problem in Chechnya? 2003
Write about G-5 Summit in Russia. 2006
Does Putin’s return as President of Russia mark a shift to a confrontationist stance in international diplomacy towards the West? (150 words) 2012

4. CHINA

What are the arrangements made about the future of Hong Kong? What role did China play in determining its future? (75 words)1985
Who are the ‘Boat People’ of Hong Kong? What is the nature and magnitude of their problem?1991
What is likely to be the impact on Hong Kong’s economy after its transfer to China?1997
Why was Macau in the news recently?2001
Answer the following, by expanding and explaining the objectives: ARF. 2004
Write about Trade through Nathu La Pass. 2006
Write note on China’s ‘peaceful rise’ doctrine. 2009
Write about Sino-Myanmar relations. (50 words) 2009

5. COLOMBIA

Strategies adopted by Colombia to eliminate its drug cartels. Comment. 2011

6. NUCLEAR POLICY

Twenty-five years term of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty will come to an end in 1995. Some important members want it to be renewed, as it is, for another 25 or 50 years. What are its basic provisions and how will its renewal adversely affect India’s Interests? 1992
Elaborate on India’s Nuclear Doctrine. 2007
In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (250 words) 2018

7. DISARMAMENT

In what respect can the recent arms control agreement between the USA and Russia be considered as a big step forward towards disarmament? 1992
What are the major objections of the various countries to the signing of the chemical weapons treaty? 1993
What is meant by SDI? 2000
Differentiate between SALT and START.2000
Comment on the present status of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). What important issues, do you think, need to be taken up at the seventh review conference of the BWC scheduled for 2011? 2010

8. COLD WAR/POST-COLD WAR

Discuss the role of the NATO after the end of the Cold War. 1992

9. INTERNATIONAL LAW

Is there still a role for the concept of balance of power in contemporary international politics? Discuss. 2011

10. PEACE/PEACE TALKS/DEMONSTRATIONS

To what extent has the withdrawal of Al-Shahah from Mogadishu given peace a real chance in Somalia? Assess. 2011
Success of international intervention in Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Comment. 2011
Sculpture of the broken chair in front of the UN building at Geneva. Comment. 2011

11. TERRORISM

Answer about Cyber-terrorism. 2005
What in your opinion, are the causes of terrorism? Suggest suitable measures to deal with the threat of terrorism in India. (250 words) 2008
Write brief note on your views on the recent Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order 2009′. 2009
Cyber warfare is considered by some defense analysts to be a larger threat than even Al Qaeda or terrorism. What do you understand by Cyber warfare? Outline the cyber threats which India is vulnerable to and bring out the state of the country’s preparedness to deal with the same. (200 words) 2013
‘Terrorism is emerging as a competitive industry over the last few decades.” Analyse the above statement. 2016
The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (250 words) 2017

12. ENVIRONMENT

State as to what the SALT II stand for? 1979
Where is Antarctica and what is there so special about it? What do you know of any ban on exploration in Antarctica? 1991
What policy initiatives have been taken to reduce water pollution of major rivers in India? 1993
Briefly describe the main achievements of Habitat I Conference in Istanbul. 1996
There is a widespread concern about the degradation of environment and the problems that go with it. Assess the international response.2000
Write about IPC Report on Global Warming. (20 words) 2008
Comment on Rotterdam Convention. 2010
Analyse critically the interlinkages between the Convention on Biological Diversity and FAO Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. (150 words) 2012
Explain briefly the “Clean Development Mechanism” As provided under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (50 words) 2012

13. WATER

Mention the main provisions of the new Treaty relating to the use of the High Seas under International Law, as adopted in 1982.
Name the countries, which opposed the above law of sea convention and have not yet ratified the Treaty? (50 words) 1983
Answer the following: Prospects of international water-wars. 2004

14. ENERGY

What important issues were considered at the Conference held in August 1981 at Nairobi on new and renewable sources of energy under the auspices of the United Nations? What progress has been made in India towards the development of renewable sources of energy? (200 words) 1981
Evaluate India’s approach towards meeting the country’s growing energy demands. Compare the success of this approach with that of another Asian giant which has perhaps the fastest growing energy demands. 2010

15. IRAN/IRAQ

Why did Iran accept the UN Security Council Resolution for a cease-fire? When did it become operative? (125 words) 1988
What were the basic differences between Iraq and Kuwait which led to the recent crisis in the Gulf? What were the reactions of various countries to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait? What are the likely repercussions in India? 1990
What has been India’s stand in respect of the proposed sale of a nuclear reactor to Iran? 1991
Comment on Al Gharib Prisoners. 2004

16. GERMANY

Briefly indicate why and what types of problems were faced by the United Germany consequent on its unification. 1991

17. FRANCE

Which event marked the outbreak of the French Revolution? What stands at that site today? 1989
What circumstances led to the victory of Socialists in the parliamentary elections in France? 1997

18. AFGHANISTAN

Describe the circumstances which led to the signing of the agreement on Afghanistan. What were its terms? (75 words) 1988
What is the Golden Triangle? Why is it notorious? 1989
Discuss the problem of factional politics in Afghanistan. 1994
Write a note on the political developments in Afghanistan during the last year. 1996
What is the Taliban Movement? How has it influenced the geopolitical equations in Asia? 1997
Examine the developments in Afghanistan in the post-Taliban period. 2005
Write about Terrorism: Sources in Pakistan and Afghanistan. 2006
Write a brief note on Wakhan Corridor. 2009
What is the major capacity-building and reconstruction projects being undertaken by India in Afghanistan? 2010

19. COMMONWEALTH

What is ‘Commonwealth’ of Nations? Who are eligible for its membership? What are its aims? How does it function? Has any member left the Commonwealth? (150 words) 1980
In what way India made a significant contribution at the CHOGM summit at Harare? Who will host the next CHOGM and when? 1991

20. SAARC

Why was a referendum held recently in Nepal? What was its result? Does it affect in any way the bilateral relations between India and Nepal? Give reasons for your answer. (100 words) 1980
Which countries met recently in New Delhi with a view to promote regional co-operation in South Asia? What are the areas selected at the above meeting, in which such co-operation would be of advantage to the participating countries? (75 words) 1983
When and where was the first SAARC Summit Conference held? Who were the participants? What were the main points of the Charter? (75 words) 1986
Discuss the significance of the 4th SAARC Summit. 1989
What is the problem of the Chakma’s? Why have the Chakma refugees refused to go back to their homeland? 1993
Recent SAARC Summit has been considered as a non-starter’ by some political observers while for others it has marked a watershed. Explain the two viewpoints. (250 words)1995
What are the reasons for the slow progress of SAFTA? 1998
What do the SAARC stand for? 2000
Why is SAFTA being mooted? 2002
Write about SAFTA. (20 words)2007
Write about SAARC Summit-2007. 2007
Write about SAARC Human Rights Report-2006. (20 words) 2007
Comment: Ethnic conflicts in South Asia. 2009
Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation).” Explain with suitable examples. 2016
Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organization like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organization? 2022

21. WEST/ASIA/ARAB WORLD/ OIC

Who were the main participants at the West Asian Peace Conference in Madrid and what were the main issues confronting the participants? What do you think has been achieved at the meet? 1991
What is HAMAS? 1994
Discuss the impact of change of government in Israel on the West Asia peace process. 1996
What do the OIC stand for?2000
What is GCC? 2001
Outline the features of latest Saudi Peace Plan for West Asia Crisis and assess its importance. 2002
Answer the following: ICJ verdict on Israel’s erection of barrier on the West Bank. 2004
Write about Camp David Accord of 1978. 2005
Write about Future of Indian expatriates in the Gulf. 2005
Write about GCC. (20 words) 2008
Examine the opportunities for a lasting West Asia peace solution in the context of the ‘historic’ talks started in September 2010. 2010
“The causes and implications of the Jasmine Revolution and its spread are as much economic in nature as they are political.” Critically evaluate.2011

22. ASEAN

Why was ASEAN formed? Who are its members? What has ASEAN achieved so far? What stand has it taken in respect of problems in Afghanistan and Kampuchea? (150 words) 1980
What is ASEAN PLUS? What is its nature and duty? 1998
What do the ASEAN stand for? 2000
Who is Meghawati Sukarnoputri? 2001

23. EUROPE

What are the general issues on which the organisation named Solidarity, started agitation in Poland under the leadership of Lech Walsea? Why are the countries both in Eastern and Western blocs in Europe deeply concerned about the above developments in Poland? (150 words) 1981
What has been the role of the European Parliament? Did the recent elections to it reflect any change to member countries, particularly in Britain? 1989
Why did the European power find it difficult to solve the Bosnian crisis? 1993
What are the issues in the Bosnian tangle? 1994
What is European Union? 2001
Write about: Role of European Parliament. 2006
In the context of the ‘Euro-zone’ debt crisis, examine the proposed ‘six-pack’ solution. Do you think that this has a better chance of success than the earlier Stability and Growth Pact? 2011

24. AFRICA

What is Africa Fund? Who started it? What are its objectives? (50 words) 1987
What were the proposals of President FW de Klerk on democratisation in South Africa? Why did the African National congress break off the negotiations? What steps are being taken to resume negotiations? (250 words) 1992
What is the magnitude of the drought in Africa? 1992
What are the causes of civil strife in Rwanda? 1994
Discuss the causes and ramifications of hunger in Africa. 2005
Comment: ‘NEPAD’ and its objectives. 2009
Has the February agreement between the Sudanese government and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM ) been more successful in ending the strife in Darfur than the Abuja peace agreement of 2006? Evaluate. 2010
Why have the resource rich African and South Asian countries remained poor for decades? Explain. (150 words) 2012
“If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. 2021

25. LATIN AMERICA

What are the reasons for the intensification of the border dispute between Peru and Ecuador? 1995

26. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

What was the G-7 Summit? When and where was it held? What were its achievements? (100 words) 1988
Where was the G7 summit held recently? In what respects are its recommendations concerning India considered an exercise in hypocrisy? 1995
What do you know about G-77? 2000
What is G-8? 2001
What do the following stand for? 2002
- WCAR
- SPDC
- INTERPOL
What do the following stand for? (i) UNCHR (ii) UNIDO (iii) MIGA. 2002
What is the main purpose of G-15? 2002
Answer the following, by expanding and explaining the objectives (20 words): 2004
- BIMSTEC
- ARF
- Red Cross
- OPEC
Write about the following, by expanding and explaining the objectives: 2006
- ICJ
- INTELSAT
- IBRD
- WMO
Write about G-8 Summit 2007. 2007
Write about the following by expanding and explaining the objectives: 2007
- BEMs
- IAEA
- BIMSTEC
Write about G-77. (20 words) 2008
Write about I.C.R.C. (20 words) 2008
Write about MERCOSUR. (20 words)2008
Write about INTERPOL. (20 words)2008
“Compared to the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation Free Trade Area (BIMSTEC FTA) seems to be more promising.” Critically evaluate. 2011
Compare the significance of IBSA and BRIGS in the context of India’s multilateral diplomacy. (100 words) 2012
What is meant by the G8+5 group? (50 words) 2012
Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic. (150 words) 2020
Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? 2021
How will 12U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?2022
Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international for a in the context of geopolitics. 2022

27. W.T.O

What does WTO stand for?2002
What is WTO? What are India’s objections to its overall functioning?2004
What do we understand by ‘Doha Round’ of talks? 2006
WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food Security. 2014
“The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. 2016

28. NEPAL

Discuss the contentious issues that have caused the prolonged constitutional logjam in Nepal. (250 words) 2012

29. MISCELLANEOUS

Name the Head of the State of Yugoslavia. 1979
Write down 100 words on The New International Economic Order. 1979
Where is the island of Diego Garcia? To which country does it belong? For what purpose is it used? Why has it come prominently in the news? (150 words)1980
Write short note on Asian Charter for Health Development. 1980
Write short notes on the following. Your answer should cover inter alia the points mentioned under each:
- Falklands War: Location of the islands: parties to the conflict: main issues involved: effect of the war on the combatant countries and the countries supporting them: effects on future military strategy. (150 words)
- IMF Loan to India: Reasons for seeking the loan assistance: quantum of loan sanctioned: amounts so far released by IMF. Corrective measures taken by the Government of India in pursuance of their discussions with IMF. (100 words) 1982
Summaries the reasons for which Western Powers oppose the imposition of mandatory economic sanctions against the racist Pretorian regime. How far are these arguments valid?(150 words) 1986
What led to the signing of Tripartite Accord with TNV? What are its main points? (150 words) 1988
What led General Ne Win to resign from power? What were its immediate results? (75 words) 1988
Name the seven richest industrialized nations of the world. When and where did they meet recently? What were the broad agreements arrived at the meetings? 1990
What has been the significant event in Myanmar? What may be the possible outcome of the event? 1990
Who has been chosen as the first Non-Communist leader in four decades in Bulgaria? What are its political repercussions? 1990
What is the genesis of the Yugoslav unrest? What has been the reaction of the European Community towards it?(75 words)1991
What is Eager Mace? What have been its objectives and in what respect has it been criticised?1992
What are the significant achievements of G-7 summit held in1993? 1993
What do you know about the formation of Eritrea? What is the magnitude of the problems which it faces? (50 words)1993
Describe the problem of KOSOVO?1998
What is the significance of Pope John Paul I’s visit to Cuba?1998
Why was a variant of Basmati rice in news recently?1998
What is the theory of “Clash of Civilisation”?2000
What do the KLA stand for?2001
Why has Slobodan Milosevic been in news in the recent past?2001
Who is Gao Zhan?2001
Who is Xanana Gusmao?2002
What do you mean by Uni-Polar World?2002
What do you know about North South dialogue?2002
Why was David Kelly in the news recently?2003
What does the theory of “end of history” mean?2003
Describe the role of the Amnesty International Security human rights. 2004
Write about: Military rule in Myanmar. 2005
Answer the following, by expanding or explaining: (a) OAPEC (b) IFAD (c) UPU (d) SAVE (e) ODA. (10 words) 2005
Write about: Pakistan’s role in Sri Lanka. 2006
Write about: Expanding role of Amnesty International. 2006
Write about: Outer Space Treaty. 2006
Write about: Summit of Japanese Troops from Iraq. 2006
Write about: Maastricht Treaty. 2006
Write about: Cuba and Castro. 2006
Examine the recent developments towards the solution of the Bangladesh-Myanmar maritime boundary dispute. What implications do these have for India? 2006
Write about India and East Asia Summit (EAS). (20 words) 2007
Write about Shanghai Co-operation Organization (SCO).(20 words) 2007
Write about Indian All-Women Contingent to Liberia. (20 words)2007
Write about Madheshis in Nepal. 2007
Write about Global Governance.2007
Write about Operation Silence.2007
Write about New Seven Wonders of the world. (20 words) 2008
Write on South-South Co-operation. 2008
Write about Geopolitics and Geostrategy. (50 words) 2009
Comment on The Mavi Marmara incident. 2010
Comment on Significance of the Kampala declaration of the International Criminal Court (ICC). 2010
Comment on Trial chamber of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and its recent verdict. 2010

2. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

1. FOREIGN POLICY OF INDIA

The policy of non-alignment was enunciated by Pandit Nehru and it has become a cornerstone of the foreign policy of Independent India. What are the principles underlying the concept of non-alignment? Has this policy been fruitful? Give reasons for your views. (150 words) 1980
How often do the Heads of State/Governments of the Nonaligned countries meet? When and where did it meet first? Who is the chairman of NAM now? What were the main points agreed to at the last meeting of the conference of the Heads of State/Government and included in the “New Delhi Message.” (150 words) 1983
Why was Kampuchea’s seat allowed to remain vacant in the last NAM Conference? 1983
What are the highlights of the draft nuclear doctrine formulated by the National Security Advisory Board? What shortcomings have been pointed out in media reports relating to the same? 1999
Answer the following (20 words): 2000
1. What does Track Two Diplomacy stand for?
2. Non-alignment is a need, not a creed. Elaborate.
3. Differentiate between Peace-making and Peacekeeping.
4. What is deterrence?
5. Why has the indigenous development of the Cryogenic Engine become necessary for India?

How can India accommodate her foreign policy principle of “non-intervention’ with the emerging right to ‘intervention”? 2000
Differentiate between Collective security and Cooperative security. 2000
What does “Gujral doctrine’ stand for? 2002
“NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) is relevant in Unipolar World as well.” Comment. 2002
The Panchsheel Pact. (20 words) 2004
Discuss the role of intelligence in the making of foreign policy. 2004
Examine the relevance of Pt. Jawaharial Nehru’s ideas in the international relations of today. 2004
Present a complete picture of India’s efforts for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. 2005
Write about Panchsheel in India’s Foreign Policy. (20 words) 2007
Write about the Relevance of NAM. 2007
Write about India’s Ocean Development Policy. 2008
Write about the Council for Promotion of Overseas Employment (CPOE). (20 words) 2008
Write about the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Scheme. (20 words) 2008
Write a note on India’s soft’ and ‘hard” power strategy in Foreign Policy. 2009
Write a brief note on Nuclear Supply Group (NSG) and India. 2009
Critically examine the implications of the disintegration of the Soviet Union on India’s security and strategic perspectives. What further responses would you suggest in India’s foreign policy to accommodate these implications? 2010
What is meant by the Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (200 words) 2013
Discuss the impediments, India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. 2015
Project Mausam” is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of Indian government to improve relationship with its neighbours. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss. 2015
The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy co-operation with West Asian countries. (250 words) 2017

2. INDO-PAK RELATION

Why has the Siachen Glacier been in the news? What could be the main purpose behind the Indo-Pak parleys on the issue? 1989
What has been the clinching evidence about the receipt of M-11 missiles by Pakistan? 1995
Where and when was the meeting between the Prime Minister of India and Pakistan held in 1997? What were the main decisions taken and what follow-up action has been taken?
Explain in brief, the observations made by the leaders of the Group of Eight countries in their meeting in Cologne on Kargil intrusion by Pakistan.1999
India’s Kargil victory rested on its successful effort at combining diplomacy with the use of force. Discuss. 2000
What do you know about Siachin Dispute? 2000
Why does India object to Kashmir being treated as a disputed territory? 2001
Discuss the importance of the Agra Summit on Indo-Pakistan relations. 2003
What has been the nature of “Track Il diplomacy” between India and Pakistan? 2003
Discuss the role played by the United States in promoting/ hindering improved relations between India and Pakistan. 2004
Hot Line between Islamabad and New Delhi. (20 words) 2004
Write about MEN status to India by Pakistan. 2005
Write about simla Agreement. (20 words) 2006
Write about major hurdles in Indo-Pak ties. (20 words) 2008
The situation today, is far different to that prevalent, fifty years back when the Indus Water Treaty was signed. Highlight the complexity of the current India and World challenges on both sides of the border, in this regard. Do you think that a review of the Treaty is in India’s best interests? (250 words) 2012
Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India – Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchange could help generate goodwill between the two countries. Discuss with suitable examples. 2015

3. INDO-NIGERIA

Write about India-Nigeria: Abuja Declaration. (20 words) 2008

4. INDO- RUSSIA

When was the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Co-operation between the Republic of India and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics signed? What are the important provisions of the treaty and what is its duration? How has the Treaty served India’s interests? Does it affect India’s position as a prominent member of the Non-aligned Group of Nations? 1981
What were the highlights of the discussions held between the Indian Prime Minister and the Soviet President during former’s visit to Moscow in July, 19902 Evaluate its impact on the future course of Indo-Soviet relations. (250 words) 1990
Discuss the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on Indo-Russian relations.2003
Explain India’s strategic relationship with Russia.2004
Indo-Russian Defence Co-operation. 2007
Write note on India-Russia Defence Ties. 2009

5. INDO-JAPAN

How far have Japan’s principles of Hikaku San Gensoku impacted bilateral ties with India? 2010
Economic ties between India and Japan while growing in the recent years are still far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting this growth. (200 words) 2013
“The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole”. Comment. 2019

6. INDIA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA

Which organisation prepared the report entitled Our Global Neighbourhood’? What are its major recommendations? 1995
Why has ‘Baring’ been in the news? Who has been held responsible for its present situation? 1995
What is India’s ‘Look East Policy’? 2001
Explain the problem of infiltration in eastern parts of India. 2001
What is Mekong-Ganga Co-operation? 2005
Write about Look East Policy and North-East India.(20 words) 2008
Write a note on India’s strategic interests in South Asia. 2009
Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy, in the context of the Post-Cold War international scenario. 2016

7. INDIA-BHUTAN

Write notes on Indo-Bhutan Relations. (150 words) 2008
Write about Indo-Bhutan trade relations. (50 words) 2009

8. INDIA-SAUDI ARABIA

List the salient features of the Riyadh declaration and the bilateral agreements between India and Saudi Arabia signed earlier this year. 2010

9. INDIA-CENTRAL ASIA

List the Central Asian Republics and identify those of particular strategic and economic importance to India. Examine the opportunities and bottlenecks in enhancing relations with these countries. 2011
A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of interest of India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. (150 words) 2018

10. NUCLEAR POLICY OF INDIA

It is universally realized that an immediate halt to the nuclear arms race is imperative. A six-nation summit on Nuclear Disarmament was held in India this year. 1985

- When and where was this meeting held?
- Who were the participants?
- What were the chief aims of this summit?
- What were its declarations?
- What are your comments on it? (150 words)

What stand was taken by India at the recent Security Council Summit in regard to Nuclear Non-Proliferation? What major decision was taken by the Summit? 1992
On what grounds did India not sign the CTBT? 1997
Differentiate and state the significance of Pokharan 1 and Pokharan II. 2000
What are the prospects of CTBT? 2000
Differentiate between Explosion and Implosion. 2000
Outline the salient features of India’s nuclear policy and explain the reasons for India’s refusal to sign the CTBT. 2001
Account for India’s opposition to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. 2002
What do you know about ‘Pinaka’? 2002
Explain India’s ‘No first Use’ policy in context of Nuclear weapons. 2002
What is India’s ‘Look East’ Policy? 2006
Write about Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. 2006
Subsequent to the Nuclear Suppliers’ Group (NSG) waiver in 2008, what are the agreements on nuclear energy that India has signed with different countries? 2011
With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 words) 2018

12. NRIs/INDIAN DIASPORA

Answer the following:
- What does the Global organisation of people of Indian origin stand for?
- What is the impact of economic sanctions against India on NRIs?
- Why is Fiji crisis of 19 May 2000 a specific concern for India?
- Examine the role of NRIs in the liberalisation process of India.
- Mention a few NRIs who have brought name and fame for India. (50 words)2000

Answer the following (20 words):
- In what fields have NRI’s excelled in the developed countries?
- In which specialities Indians are most wanted abroad ?
- What efforts are being made by the Indian Government to look after NRIs?
- What is the contribution of the NRI’s to India’s development?
- Why do NRI’s retain their emotional attachment to India?2001

Answer the following (20 words):
- What are the problems NRIs have to face if they decide to settle in India?
- What was India Millennium Deposit Scheme?
- What has been the impact of Gulf remittances on India’s economy?
- Name the nodal agency to deal with issues relating to Indians abroad and explain its main task.
- What is the distinction between “Non Resident Indian’ and People of India origin? 2002

Answer the following (20 words):
- Under what conditions are NRIs permitted to remit deposits in India in any currency of their choice?
- How can NRIs be attracted to invest in India?
- What is the significance of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas in modern India?
- In what ways did Idi Amin make life difficult for the people of Indian origin in his country?
- What is “Brain drain”? 2003

Answer the following (20 words): Categorise the People of Indian Origin Point out the difference between the Diaspora and the Indian Diaspora. What are the references made to the Union Budget July 2004? What is known as reverse migration? Why was January 9 chosen to observe the NRI (Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas) Day? 2004
Write about the following (20 words):
- (a)Contribution of the NRIs to GCC countries.
- (b) Future of Indians in Fiji.
- (c) Indians in the House of Lords, UK.
- (d) Contribution of Indians in Silicon Valley.
- (e) Exodus of persons of Indian origin from Uganda. 2006

Write about Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana, 2006. (20 words) 2007
Write about Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. (20 words) 2007
Write about Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas. 2008
Write about Indian Diaspora in Singapore. 2008
Write about Indian Diaspora and Bollywood. 2008
Assess the contributions of Indian Diaspora in the Caribbean. 2010
Write a short analytical note on Indian Diaspora. How is the “New Diaspora” different from the “Old Diaspora”? (150 words) 2012
Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’ economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. (250 words) 2017
‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (150 words) 2020

13. INDIA-ISREAL

When and why did India establish full diplomatic relations with Israel? (50 words) 1992
What recent developments have been responsible for bringing India and Israel closer? What progress has been made in this direction during the last one year? Discuss. (250 words)
Answer the following: India-Israel Co-operation. 1993
Write about India-Israel Co-operation in the field of agriculture.2006
Do you agree with the view that Israel is a natural ally’ of India? 2010
“India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (150 words) 2018

14. INDO-IRAN

Examine the latest phase of Indo-Iran relations. 2001
Explain the political and economic implications of the Indo-Iran gas pipeline. 2005
How have the US sanctions against Iran affected India’s bilateral relations with Iran? (100 words) 2012

15. INDIA-NEPAL

What are the differences in the approaches of India and Nepal to the transit-trade question? How is this question complicated by other issues? (250 words) 1989
Write briefly about the pro-democracy Movement in Nepal and its latest outcome.1990
In what sense is Indo-Nepal Co-operation important for both countries’ national security? 2003
Answer the following: Weak-spots in India-Nepal relations. (20 words) 2004

16. INDO-US

How far in your opinion, is the recent Indo-US Agreement on technology transfer likely to help us? What are its disadvantages? (75 words) 1985
What is Super-301? Why is India concerned about it and how has she reacted to it? (250 words) 1989
What are the unique features of ‘Agni’ launched recently by India? When and from where was it launched? What has been the reaction of the USA? (50 words) 1992
How have the Indo-US relations improved during the last two years? Discuss. (100 words) 1993
Examine the present status of Indo-US relations. What are the major irritants in the relations between the two countries? (250 words) 1994
How did US respond to the problem of Cross border terrorism in the State of Jammu and Kashmir after the Kaluchak events? 2002
Discuss the major issues in Indo-US relations in recent times. (150 words) 2003
What is the ‘strategies partnership’ between India and United States of America? What are its implications for both the partners? 2006
Write about Indo-US military Co-operation in about 20 words. 2006
Write about Hyde Act of 2006. 2007
Comment: India-USA as strategic partners. 2009
Discuss the Indo-US knowledge initiative in Agriculture. 2009
Comment on the reason for the recent hike in visa processing fees for certain categories of US visas. What is the likely impact of this hike on India? 2010
Discuss the likely negative impact of the protectionist measures proposed by the US on India’s software industry. (150 words) 2012
India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (250 words) 2018
What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s national self esteem and ambitions. Explain with suitable examples. 2019
What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (250 words) 2020

17. INDO-FRENCH

In what respects is the Prime Minister Narasimha Rao’s recent visit to France considered to be most productive and useful? (50 words) 1995
Analyze the recent French response to India’s diplomatic efforts for promoting Indo-French friendship. (100 words) 1999

18. INDIA-BANGLADESH

Why is India raising barbed wire fencing on Bangladesh border? (50 words) 1984
What are the broad decisions of the meetings of the Indo-Bangladesh Joint River Commission held in June, 1990? (30 words) 1990
Discuss the developments which led to the setting up of a caretaker government in Bangladesh. (50 words) 1996
What is the significance of Pyrdiwah and Boraibari in Indo-Bangladesh relations? (20 words) 2001
How does India benefit from good neighbourly relations with Bangladesh? (20 words) 2002
Discuss the major irritants to Indo-Bangladesh relations. (20 words) 2003
India’s response to political crisis in Bangladesh. (150 words) 2007
Write about India-Bangladesh Border Road cum fencing.(20 words) 2008
The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India? (200 words) 2013

19. INDIA-MALDIVES

Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India? (200 words) 2013

20. INDO-SOUTH AFRICA

What is the significance of the agreements signed between India and South Africa during the first official visit of President Nelson Mandela to India recently? (50 words) 1995
What are the salient features of the political and economic relationship between India and South Africa? 2011
Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. 2015

21. INDIA-SRI LANKA

Has the IPKF been able to achieve the goal set before it by the terms of the Indo Sri Lanka Agreement? What are the options available to India? (150 words) 1988
Discuss Indian-Sri Lankan relations in recent years. (150 words) 2000
Explain India’s stand on LTTE. 2002
In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (200 words) 2013
India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement.2022

22. INDO-CHINA

What are the terms of India-China trade-pact signed recently? (75 words) 1984
Discuss the major irritants in Indo-China relations and highlight the latest moves to overcome these. (150 words) 2002
Discuss the recent trends in India’s relations with China. (150 words) 2003
Discuss the recent trends in India’s relations with China. 2004
Write short note on Indians in China. (20 words) 2005
Write notes on India and China: Strategy to Boost Ties. (150 words) 2008
Evaluate the prospects for greater economic co-operation between India and China. 2009
Critically examine the security and strategic implications of the so-called ‘string of pearls’ theory for India. 2011
Trace the progress of India’s efforts for a joint counter terrorism strategy with China. What are the likely implications of the recent Xinjiang violence on these efforts. 2011
Do you think that China’s emergence as one of the largest trading partners of India had adversely affected the settlement of the outstanding border problem? (250 words) 2012
What are India’s stakes in the South China Sea? (50 words) 2012
What do you understand by “The String of Pearls”? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (200 words)2013
With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. 2014
“China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia.” In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (150 words) 2017
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (PEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself the same. (150 words) 2018
The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnership in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (250 words) 2021

23. EXTERNAL SECURITY AND RELATED MATTERS/BORDER MANAGMENT

Review briefly the present state of India’s economic relations with the neighbouring countries-Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka and indicate how the mutual interests of India and these countries could be promoted through bilateral economic Cooperation. Identify a few areas or projects in which it would be in our interests to secure the Cooperation of one or more of our neighbours. (500 words) 1980
What is ‘Star Wars’? Explain the stand India has taken on this Issue. Trace the recent political development in Fji. How is India concerned with the developments there? (150 words) 1985
What were the major recommendations of the group of ministers on the Indian National Security System? 2001
Discuss India’s policy towards international terrorism. (20 words) 2003
How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (200 words) 2013
‘The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood.” Discuss along with strategies to be adopted to counter this environment. 2014
International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by airspace”? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat. 2014
How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. 2014
In 2012, the longitudinal marking for high-risk areas for piracy was more from 65 degrees east to 78 degrees east in the Arabian Sea by the International Maritime Organization. What impact does this have on India’s maritime security concerns? 2014
China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for the development of an economic corridor. What threat does this pose for India’s security? Critically examine. 2014
Religious indoctrination via social media has resulted in Indian youth joining ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous to the internal security of our country? 2015
Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management 2016
Cross-border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (250 words) 2019
For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perceptions among (150 words) 2020

24.INDO-AFGHANISTAN

Briefly write about India’s role In Afghanistan Today (20 words)2008
The proposed withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan In 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard Its own strategic interests. (200 words) 2013

25. MISCELLANEOUS

What is NAMEDIA? When and where was its first Conference held? Who were the participants? What are the main declarations of the Conference? (100 words) 1984
What are India’s island territories? What efforts are being made to safeguard them? (100 words) 1984
What is ‘South Sout Commission’? When and where was it formed? Who are its President and General Secretary? What are its main objectives? (200 words) 1987
What was ‘Operation Black Thunder’? When was it launched? What did it achieve? (75 words) 1988
Describe the salient features of GNLF Accord with the Government. How does it differ from the original GNLF demands? (75 words) 1988
What was the achievement of ‘Varuna”?1988
What is Aid India Consortium? What has been its role in India’s recent economic growth? (75 words)1988
What is ‘Operation Rhino’? Why was it resorted to and to what extent you think it has been a success? (75 words) 1991
What role has India to play in the recent happenings in Myanmar? (50 words) 1994
What do you understand by ‘G-15’? 2001
What were the main strategic concerns of the Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri during her recent visit to India? 2002
Answer on European Union’s trade restrictions against India. (20 words) 2004
Write short note on Future of Indian expatriates in the Gulf. (20 words) 2005
Write about ICT4D by expanding and explaining the objectives. (20 words) 2007
Write about Impact of globalisation on state system and its institutions. (150 words) 2007
Write about Know India Programme (KIP). (20 words) 2007
Write about Indo-EU Economic Ties. 2008
Write notes on India and the New World Order. (150 words) 2008
Highlight the role of the Indian peacekeeping contingent as part of MONUSCO. 2010

International Relation UPSC Mains Topic Wise Previous Year Questions (1979-2023)

International Relation UPSC Mains Topic Wise Previous Year Questions (1979-2023

1. India and The World

2. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS