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::Environment::
Environment (Prelims)
- Origin of Life forms
- Origin of Life forms
- Life on earth
- Basic Concepts of Ecology
- Types of Ecology
- Ecological Hierarchy
- Scope of Ecology
- Habitat & Ecological Niche
- Deep vs Shallow Ecology
- Ecological Principles
- Ecological Community
- Structure and Characteristics of a Community
- Stratification
- Ecotone
- Ecological Dominance
- Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctuation
- Periodicity
- Turnover
- Interdependence
- Ecological Succession
- Types and Process of Succession
- Climax Community
- Range of Tolerance , Maximum Range
- Difference between Ecology , Environment and Ecosystem
- Ecosystem functions
- Ecosystem Definitions
- Functions and Properties of Ecosystem
- The Structure/Components of Ecosystem
- Abiotic Components
- Biotic Components
- Ecosystem Dynamics
- Flow of Energy in Ecosystem
- Trophic Levels
- Food Chain
- Types & Significance of Food Chain
- Food Web
- Models for Energy Flow
- Ecological Productivity
- Ecological Pyramid
- Biomagnifications
- Biological Control
- Population Ecology
- Types of species
- Population Ecology
- Population Growth Models
- Methodology of Tiger census
- Methodology of Lion Census
- Adaptation of Species and Interactions
- Adaptation
- Examples of adaptation in plants
- Examples of Adaptations in animals
- Homeostasis
- Interaction between Species
- Ecotone
- Endemic Species
- Keystone Species
- Indicator Species
- Invasive Species
- Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation
- Adaptation
- Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Terrestrial ecosystem
- Forest Ecosystem in India
- Grasslands
- Tundra
- Deserts
- Mountains
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Aquatic ecosystem
- Factors affecting the productivity of aquatic ecosystems
- Fresh water ecosystem
- Marine ecosystem
- Marine Organisms
- Plankton
- Phytoplankton
- Factors Affecting Phytoplankton Biodiversity
- Importance of phytoplankton
- Zooplankton
- Sea-grass
- Seaweeds
- Human Modified Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycling
- Concept of Biogeochemical Cycle
- Parts of a Biogeochemical Cycle
- Types of Biogeochemical Cycle
- Carbon Cycle
- Steps in the carbon cycle
- Carbon cycle: Long term and Short term
- Carbon act as Climate Buffer
- Human Impact on the Carbon Cycle
- Effects of high concentration of Greenhouse Gases
- Hydrological Cycle
- Different Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle
- Storage
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle
- Oxygen Cycle
- Sulphur Cycle
- Human Impact on the Sulphur Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Human Influence on Phosphorus Cycle
- Concept of Biogeochemical Cycle
- Basics of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity
- Types of biodiversity
- Patterns of biodiversity
- Bio-geographical classification of World
- Bio-geographical classification of India
- Functions of biodiversity
- Hotspots of biodiversity
- Bio informatics
- Eco Regions
- Role of Traditional Knowledge in Biodiversity
- Biopiracy
- Animal and Plant Diversity
- Plant and Animal Kingdom
- Marine Mammals
- Egg laying Mammals
- Marsupials
- Threats to biodiversity
- Causes of Biodiversity losses
- Effects of Loss of Bio-Diversity
- Extinction of species
- Mass Extinction
- IUCN Red List and Classification Scheme
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Scheduled Animals in the Wildlife Protection Act
- In-situ methods of Conservation
- Protected Area Categories
- Forms of Protected Areas
- Biosphere reserves
- Sacred forests and sacred lakes
- World Heritage sites
- Geo-heritage sites
- Advantages of In-situ conservation
- Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
- Ex-situ methods of Conservation
- Advantages of ex-situ preservation:
- Disadvantages of Ex-situ conservation
- Zoological Parks
- Botanical Gardens
- Seed banks
- National Parks
- Wildlife Sanctuaries
- Biosphere Reserves
- Species based conservation programmes
- Project Tiger
- Project Elephant
- Project Snow Leopard
- Vulture conservation project
- Crocodile conservation project
- Ganges dolphin project
- Indian Rhino Vision
- Other projects
- India adopts SAWEN
- Important Coastal and marine Biodiversity Areas
- Global initiative
- State of Protected Areas in the World
- MAB – Man and Biosphere Programme
- World network of Biosphere Reserves
- Biodiversity Hotspots
- CBD – Convention of Biological Diversity
- Cartegana Protocol
- Nagoya Protocol
- Aichi Biodiversity Diversity
- Estuaries
- What are estuaries?
- Types of Estuaries
- Importance of estuaries
- Threats to estuaries
- Major Estuaries in Indian coastal states
- Monitoring and Prediction of Health of Estuarine and Coastal Waters
- Difference between Lagoon and Estuary
- Estuary ecosystem: Adaptations made in organisms
- Conservation of Estuaries
- Mangroves
- What are mangroves?
- Mangroves in India
- Importance of Mangroves
- Mangroves under threats
- Legal and Regulatory Approaches for Protection
- Community based mangrove regeneration
- Coral Reef
- About coral reefs
- What do corals feed on?
- Geographical Conditions
- Types Of Coral Reefs
- Uses of coral reefs
- Concept of Bio-rock reefs
- Threats to Coral reefs
- Conservation of coral reef
- Wetlands
- What are wetlands?
- Types of wetlands
- Wetlands in India
- Importance of wetlands
- Threats to wetland ecosystems
- Conservation of Wetlands
- About Ramsar Convention ‘
- About Asian Water bird Census
- Plant and Animal Kingdom
RESOURCE DEGRADATION & MANAGEMENT
- Land Resource
- Causes of land degradation
- Impact of land degradation
- Desertification
- Sustainable Land Management
- Forest Resource
- Definition of forests by FSI
- Types of Forest Cover
- Forest Survey of India (FSI report 2017)
- Types of Forests In India
- Deforestation
- Causes of Deforestation
- Consequences of Deforestation on the Wildlife of India
- Strategies for Reducing Deforestation
- Government Programmes for Conservation of Forests
- Soil Resource
- Soil Characteristics and Soil formation process
- Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
- Soil Forming Processes
- Soil Profiles and Horizons
- Type of Soils
- Soils in India
- Soils in World
- Soil Erosion
- Problems due to excessive irrigation
- Soil Conservation
- Soil health card scheme
- Organic Farming
- Water Pollution
- Surface Water Resource
- Ground Water Resources
- Sources of Water Pollution
- Measurement of Water pollution
- Causes of Water Pollution
- Harmful effects of water pollution
- Other terms associated with water pollution
- Algal Bloom
- Eutrophication
- Arsenic contamination of water
- Mercury Pollution
- Oxygen Stratification
- Energy Resources
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Tidal Energy
- Wave energy
- Fuel Cell
- Microbial fuel cell
- Biofuels
- Biogas
- Geothermal Energy
- Solar Energy
- New Energy Resources
- Renewable Energy and Development
- Petroleum Conservation Research Association
- Atomic Energy Bill
- Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill
- National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
- National Policy on Biofuels
- Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme
- Solar Renewable purchase Obligation
- Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell
- New Energy Policy
- Energy Organisation
- Basics of Pollution
- Sources of pollution
- Effect of Modern Agriculture on Environment
- Effect of Housing on Environment
- Effect of Power Generation on Environment
- Effect of River Valley Projects (Water Resource Projects) on Environment
- Effect of Mining on Environment
- Effect of Transportation Activities on Environment
- Effect of Tourism on Environment
- Classification of pollutants
- Pollution Indicator species
- Sources of pollution
- Mining and Pollution
- Mining and Environment
- Sensitivity of Select Ecosystems to Mining
- Impact of Mining
- Indirect Impact of Mining
- International Laws on Mining
- Main Act or Statue to regulate the impact of
- Indian Mining Sector
- Sustainable Mining
- Air Pollution
- Causes of air pollution
- Harmful Effects of air pollution
- Top-ten gases in air pollution
- Control of Air Pollution
- Concepts related to Air pollution
- Smog and its impact
- Ozone depletion
- Acid rain
- Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
- Fly Ash
- Bharat stage Norm
- National Air Quality Index
- Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index
- Marine Pollution
- Sources of marine pollution
- Effects of marine pollution
- Concept of dead zone
- Concept of Ocean acidification
- Oil spill
- Trash and Other Debris in ocean
- Microplastics and its impact
- Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011
- Noise Pollution
- Causes of Noise pollution
- Noise Levels
- Effects of Noise Pollution on human health
- Corrective actions
- Biological Pollution
- Sources of biological pollution
- Harmful effects from biological contaminants
- Corrective actions
- Radioactive Pollution
- Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Harmful effects of Radioactive Pollution
- Corrective actions
- Thermal Pollution
- Causes of Thermal Pollution
- Effect of Thermal Pollution
- Control of Thermal Pollution
- Waste Management
- Solid waste management
- Types of Solid Waste
- What is solid waste management?
- Issues in solid waste management in India
- Waste Management Practices
- Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste
- Policy on Promotion of City Compost
- Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
- E-Waste Management
- Pollutants and their health impacts
- E-waste status in India
- Importance of the E-waste management
- Steps taken for combating mounting E-Waste
- E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016
- Biomedical Waste Management
- Hazards associated with waste management
- Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Hazardous waste and its Characteristics
- Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2016
- Treatments Methods in Waste Management
- Methods for sewage treatment
- Treatments Methods for waste management
- Hazardous waste treatement
- Solid waste management
- Climate Change Basics
- What is Climate Change?
- What is Global warming?
- Factors Affecting Climate Change
- Causes of climate change
- Extra-Terrestrial Sources of Climate Change
- Terrestrial Sources of Climate Change
- Anthropogenic sources of Climate Change
- Urbanization and climate change
- Pollution in metros and climate change
- Real estate boom and environment degradation
- Urban Heat Island
- Polythene bags and pollution
- Methane generation from waste
- Impact of agriculture on climate
- Agriculture increases Carbon Dioxide Emissions
- Monoculture practice impacts biodiversity
- Pollution due to use of chemical fertilizers
- Soil-related effects
- Fertilizer’s Effect on the Environment
- Impact of livestock on environment
- Impact of use of Pesticides on environment
- Impact of GM crop on environment
- Emission of Methane from agricultural practices
- Sustainable Agriculture Techniques
- What is greenhouse effect?
- Non green House Gases and Aerosols
- Radioactive forcing and global warming
- Ecological footprint
- Carbon footprint
- Global Warming Potential (GWP)
- Climate Change Impact
- Impacts of the Climate Change
- Acid Rain
- El Nino
- La Nina
- Ozone Depletion
- Ocean Acidification
- Global Warming & Health
- Health impacts of global warming
- Mosquito-borne diseases
- Ozone depletion and human health
- Climate change mitigation
- Carbon Sequestration
- Carbon Sink
- Carbon Credit
- Carbon Tax
- Impacts of the Climate Change
- Acts and Policies
- Constitutional Provisions related to environment
- Wildlife Protection Act 1972
- Environmental Protection Act
- National Forest Policy
- Biological Diversity Act 2002
- Schedule Tribes and Other Forest
- Dwellers Act 2006
- Coastal Regulation Zone
- Wetland Rules 2010
- National Green Tribunal
- Ozone Depleting Substance Rules
- Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
- What is EIA?
- Brief History of EIA in India
- EIA Process in India
- The 8 steps of the EIA process
- Environmental Appraisal Process
- Drawback in EIA Process
- Recommendations for Improvement
- Environment Management
- EIA in India – Sectorial Analysis
- Mining Sector
- Agricultural Sector
- Industrial Sector
- International Environmental Governance
- UNEP
- UNDP
- Centre for Biological Diversity
- WWF for Nature
- IUCN – Red List
- Birdlife International
- International Conventions / Protocols & their Objectives
- Sustainable Development Goals
- Various Indices relate to Environment
- Climate Change Governance
- United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- Montreal Protocol and Kigali Agreement
- The Earth Summit: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janerio, 1992
- Global Environment Facility (GEF)
- Rio Declaration: 1992
- Agenda 21:1992
- Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): 1992
- Global Climate Finance Architecture
- India and Climate Change
- India’s Position with regards to policy on Climate Change
- Observed Climate and Weather Changes in India
- NAPCC
- Indian Climate Change Assessement
- Indian Policy Structure Relavant to GHG Emissions
- Environment related Institutions in India
- Pollution Control Boards
- National Green Tribunal
- National Board for Wildlife
- Animal Welfare Board
- Central Zoo Authority
- National Biodiversity Authority
- Environmental schemes in India
- National Wildlife Action Plan
- CAMPA
- Joint Forest Management
- Social Forestry
- National Bamboo Mission
- National Action Plan on Climate Change
- National Solar Mission
- Ganga Rejuvenation Plan
- Benefits of River Ganga
- Facts about Ganga River Pollution and its impacts
- Ecomark Scheme
- Swachch Bharat Mission
- Swachch Bharat Kosh
- Grants in Aid Scheme
- National Afforestation Program
- National River Conservation Plan
- National Mission for Clean Ganga
- National Air Quality Index (AQI)
- National Action Programme to Combat Desertification
- Pradhan Mantri Sauchalay Yojana
- UJALA Scheme
- Bharat Stage Norms
- Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Protection
- APPENDIX
- National Parks
- Tiger Reserves of India
- Elephant Reserves in India
- Mike Sites in India
- Biosphere Reserves
- Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’s Map List
- Ramsar Wetland Sites
- Natural World Heritage Sites
- List of Sacred Groves
- Mangrove Sites in India
- Pollution
- Key activities and Likely Associate Air Pollutants
- Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals
- Recent Developments
- Mobile Tower Radiation
- Shrinking of Cauvery Delta
- Use of Garbage to Construct Road
- Moss as Pollution Monitor
- Graded Plan for Air Pollution
- Air Quality Index
- Polluter Pay Principle
- Pesticide Poisoning
- Aerosols
- Anti-Smog guns
- Particulate matter
- Nalanda Model of Water Conservation
- Wetland Rules, 2017
- Permaculture and Monoculture
- Sand Mining Guidelines
- Coastal Erosion (Parali Island)
- Bottom Trawling to Deep Sea Fishing
- ‘Wadi’ Model
- Re-greening of Village Commons Project
- Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage
- Namami Ganga Programme
- River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and Management) Authorities Order, 2016
- Smart Ganga City Scheme
- Ganga Task Force
- Ganga, Yamuna termed ‘living persons’
- National Capacity Building Project for Waste Management
- NGT Bans Plastic
- Mission Innovation
- Tribunal – Dumping Waste in Ganga
- Ease in Norms for Sewage Plants
- Organic Waste to Make Green Fuel
- New Technologies for Waste Management
- Melting of Antarctic Iceberg
- Melting of Gangotri Glacier
- Carbon Capture
- Black Carbon
- 30th Montreal Protocol and World Ozone Day
- El-Nino Caused Record CO2 Spike
- Glaciers in Asia to sink
- Tropics emit more Carbon
- Climate change impact on Natural Heritage Sites – Impact on Sunderbans
- Marine Diversity in Antarctica under threat
- Carbon Credit
- 2nd Kyoto Protocol
- Green Metro System
- Negative Emissions
- Geo-engineering Climate Change
- Sequestering CO2
- Bonn Challenge
- COP-23
- Air Quality Index likely to be added to ‘playing condition”
- HFCs – India to eliminate use by 2030
- Kigali agreement
- Carbon Neutrality Concept
- Marrakesh Climate Change Conference
- International Solar Alliance (ISA)
- Kyoto Protocol (2nd Commitment 2013-20)
- Climate Change Performance Index
Environment (Mains)
- Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
- Disaster and disaster management.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY: BASIC UNDERSTANDING
- Introduction
- Categories of Environment
- Features of Environment
- Components of Environment
- Ecology
- Ecosystem Definitions
- Properties of Ecosystem
- Components of Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Ecosystem Dynamics
- Gaseous Cycle
- Carbon Cycle
- Human Impact on the Carbon Cycle
- Effects of High Concentration of Greenhouse Gases
- Hydrological Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle
- Oxygen Cycle
- Sedimentary Cycle
- Sulphur Cycle
- Human Impact on the Sulphur Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Changes in Ecosystem
- Ecosystem Conservation
- Ecology vs. Economy
- Population Characteristics
- Population Growth Models
- Species
- Carrying Capacity of Earth
- Extent of the Biosphere
- Working of the Biosphere
- Importance of the Biosphere
- Alpha, Beta, Gamma Diversity
- Biomes
- Global Biomes
- Major Biomes of the World
- WWF Classification of Biomes
- Terrestrial Biomes
- Aquatic Biomes
- Indian Biomes
- Types of Biodiversity
- Value of the Biodiversity
- Threats to Biodiversity
- Causes of Biodiversity losses (‘The Evil Quartet’)
- Invasive species
- Effects of Loss of Bio-Diversity
- Extinction of Species
- Types – Natural, Mass, Anthropogenic
- Causes of Extinction
- Consequences of Extinction of Species
- Conservation Strategies
- Conservation Tools
- IUCN
- IUCN Red List
- Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESAs)
- In-situ methods of conservation of biodiversity
- Advantages of In-situ Conservation
- Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
- Ex-situ Methods of Conservation of Biodiversity
- Land Degradation
- Causes and Impact of Land Degradation
- Desertification
- Sustainable Land Management
- Soil Erosion
- Problems due to Excessive Irrigation
- Soil Conservation
- Air Pollution
- Causes of Air Pollution
- Harmful Effects of Common Air Pollutants
- Control of Air Pollution
- Marine Pollution
- Effects of Marine Pollution
- Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011
- Mining & Pollution
- Effects of Mining on Environment
- Concept of Sustainable Mining
- Acts to regulate the adverse effects of Mining Activities
- Other Pollution
- Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
- Harmful Effects from Biological Contaminants
- Harmful Effects of Radioactive Pollution
- Nuclear Accidents
- Water Degradation
- Measurement of Water Pollution
- Harmful Effects of Water Pollution
- Delhi Pollution
- Solid Waste Management
- Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
- e-waste Management
- Pollutants and their Health Impacts
- Importance of the E-Waste Management
- E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016
- Biomedical Waste
- Hazards Associated with Waste Management
- Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Hazardous Waste
- Hazardous Waste Treatment
- Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
- Factors Affecting Climate Change
- Impact of climate change & its mitigation
- Climate Change Management
- Conventions
- International Organisations
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
- Impact of Agriculture on Environment
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Hi-tech Farming Methods
- Rain Water Harvesting
- Green Buildings and their Rating System in India
- Eco-tourism – Advantages & Disadvantages of Eco-tourism
Contemporary Issues: Environment (Mains)
- Man-Animal Conflicts in India
- Poaching activities in India
- Development leads to tiger extinction
- Elephant Conservation
- International treaties for wildlife conservation Use of drones for wildlife conservation
- Urban Land Acting as Death Traps for Birds
- Eco-Bridges and Biodiversity Management
- Suderbans at risk due to Climate Change
- Critical Wildlife Habitats
- Declining Population of Pollinators
- International treaties for Wildlife Conservation
- Indoor Air Pollution and its impact
- Impact of Particulate Matter
- Smog and its impact
- Aerosol shrinking India’s Monsoon
- Stubble Burning
- Mobile radiation Impact on Health
- Heavy water Pollution
- Plastic Pollution
- Light Immersion Pollution
- Idol Pollution
- Oil Spill
- Garbage Dumping and its Environment
- E-waste Management Rules 2016
- Groundwater contamination (Arsenic, Uranium)
- Bharat Stage Norm
- What is Polluters Pay Model?
- LANCET Study REPORT: Most Pollution linked deaths occur in India
- Beach (Coastal) Pollution
- Nitrogen Pollution
- Hazardous Waste (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
- Conference of Parties (COP-24) at Katowice
- Marrakech Climate Change Conference
- Paris Agreement
- US moved out of Paris agreement
- Kigali Agreement
- Kyoto Protocol (2nd Commitment)
- IPCC Report 2018
- International Solar Alliance
- Concept of Green Bond
- Green Climate Fund
- Carbon Tax Feasibility in India
- Concept of Green Building
- Concept of Carbon Credit
- Climate Change and Cities
- Climate change and its impact on Health
- Climate Change and Agriculture
- Climate Change and sea level Rise
- Ocean Warming
- Melting of Gangotri Glacier
- Programmes and Policies Initiated for Mitigating Climate Change
- International Collaboration for Mitigating Climate Change
- Ethical issue involved in climate change
- Third Pole and Climate Change
- UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework
- Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (Rise) 2018 – Wb
- Accounting Methods of Climate Fund Questioned
- Tackling Climate Change from a Security Perspective
- Effects of Global Warming on El Nino in The 21st Century
- India to Expand Polar Research to Arctic
- Bengal Tigers may not Survive Climate Change
- Scientists Mull Stratospheric Barrier to Curb Global Warming
- Biogas
- National Solar Mission
- Status of Hydro Power energy in India
- Alternative fuels in India
- Draft Energy Policy
- National Energy Storage Mission
- Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
- National Wind-solar Hybrid Policy
- Photo-voltaic industry and CPSU scheme
INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
- Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act
- Draft National Wildlife Action Plan
- Wetland Management Rules, 2017
- Initiatives to enhance green cover
- Policy on Promotion of City Compost
- Ancient Bawadis and Water Management
- Living status to Rivers
- Ganga River Pollution
- Environment Impact Assessment
- Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in India
- Public Participation for Environmental conservation
- Western Ghats biodiversity conservation
- The 25 Year Environment Plan
- India’s National Redd+ Strategy
- EnviStats-India 2019
- Indian Forest Act amendment
- Sustainable India Finance Facility (SIFF)
- Sustainable Development in Indian Himalayan Region
- Global Carbon Project (GCP)
- Naturalized species
- Resource Efficiency Cell
- India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP), Global Cooling Coalition
- Island protection zone (IPZ) 2019 for Andaman and Nicobar
- Plan to save Himalayan springs
- Environmental Institutions
- Pollution Control Board: Analysis
- National Green Tribunal: Analysis
- Forest Survey of India and India State of Forest Report, 2017
- Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee
- Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
- Impacts of Dam and fishing
- Issue of Land Degradation
- Sand Mining
- Algal bloom Issue
- Melting of Antarctica and its impact
- River linking project and its impact
- Bottom Trawling to Deep Sea fishing
- Mass Coral Bleaching – Threats to coral reefs
- Forest Fires
