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::History::
Ancient History
- Periodization of Indian Pre History
- Sources of Pre History
- Palaeolithic Or Old Stone
- Mesolithic Or Middle Stone Age
- Neolithic Age Or New Stone Age
- Chalcolithic Age
- Major Chalcolithic Cultures
- Early Iron Age
- Geographical Distribution and Characteristics
- Birth and Life of Mahavira (540- 468 B.C.)
- Teachings of Mahavira
- Organisation and Sects of Jainism
- Literature of Jainism
- Councils, Spread and Royal Patrons
- Society: Evolution of Jatis
- Satavahanas
- Sungas and Kanvas
- Sakas
- Kushanas
- Kanishka
- IVC Geography and Archaeological Findings
- Major cities
- Town Planning
- IVC Society and Culture
- Script and Language
- Crafts
- Religions
- Seals and Images
- IVC Economy
- Harappan Trade
- Agriculture
- Domestication of animals
- Weights and Measures
- Decline of Harappan Culture
- Birth and Life of Buddha (563-483 BC)
- Teachings of Buddha
- Organisation and Sects of Buddhism
- Literature of Buddhism
- Councils, Spread of and Royal Patronage
- Causes for the Decline
- Sources of Gupta Rule
- Rulers and Political history of Guptas Chronology
- Foreign Travellers Visit – Fahien’s Visit
- Gupta Administration
- Other Important Dynasties
- Society Religion and Culture
- Urban centres in Gupta period
- Economy
- Science and Technology
- Literature
- Later Guptas
- Other Important Dynasties
- Republics and Monarchies
- 16 Mahajanapadas
- Magadha
- Key Dynasties
- Haryanka dynasty
- Shishunaga Dynasty
- Nanda Dynasty
- Persian Invasions
- Alexander’s Invasion
- Society and Rise of urban centres
- Economy
- System of Administration
- Sources for Reconstructing Vedic Society and Culture
- Geography of the Rig Vedic Period – Area of Settlement
- Political Organisation and Evolution of Monarchy
- Social Organization
- Economy
- Religious Practices and Culture
- Geography of the later Vedic Phases – Area of Settlement
- Political System
- Social Organisation and Varna System
- Economy
- Religious Practices and Culture
- Sources: Inscriptions and Sites and
Literary Sources (The Arthasastra) - Rulers and Political History of the Mauryas
- Chandragupta and Bindusara
- Megasthenes
- Asoka and His Successors
- Asoka’s Inscriptions and Sites
- Asokan Reign
- Asoka and Buddhism
- Asoka Policy of Dhamma
- Mauryan Administration
- Foreign Relations
- Decline of the Mauryas
SANGAM PERIOD (SOUTH INDIAN DYNASTIES)
- Sangam Literature
- South Indian Dynasties
- Cholas
- Cheras
- Pandyas
- Sangam Polity, Society and Culture
- Economy of Sangam Period
- Foreign Dynasties
- Commercial Contacts with the Outside World
- Schools of Art
Modern History (Mains)
BEFORE EUROPEAN PENETRATION IN INDIA
- Later Mughals
- Disintegration of Mughal Empire
- Rise of Regional States
- Bengal
- Hyderabad and Carnatic
- Awadh
- Mysore
- Kerala
- The Sikhs
- Rajput states and Jats
- Marathas
- Rise and fall of Marathas
- Socio and Economic condition of people in 18th Century
- Cultural life of people in 18th Century
- Scientific outlook in 18th Century
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS IN 19TH CENTURY
- Social and Religious reforms in 19th Century
- Role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in social and religious regeneration
- Radical trend between 1820 & 1830 (Derozio)
- Ishwar Chandra VidyaSagar (Girl education, child marriage, widow remarriage and caste hierarchy)
- Why impact of western Ideas felt more in Bengal than in Western India
- Fight Against Caste System, Untouchability and Widow remarriage, Child marriage
- Parsi Reforms
- Sikh Reforms
- Role of women
- State of Education in India during 19th Century
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (1905-1918)
- Growth of militant Nationalism
- How militant nationalists different from moderates
- Swadeshi and Boycott Movement and participation from different sections
- Women Participation before Gandhi
- Growth of Revolutionary Terrorism
- Indian National Congress between 1905-1914
- Morley Minto Reforms
- Muslim league and growth of communalism
- British used Muslim league to fight rising nationalism
- Nationalist and World War I
- Home rule league movement
- Revolutionary Organization like Ghadar Party
- Lucknow session of 1916
BEGINNING OF EUROPEAN PENETRATION IN INDIA
- Trade between India and Europe
- Portuguese Domination
- Spice trade of Dutch
- British trade expansion in India and its effect on India from 1600-1744
- Anglo-French Struggle and Subversion of Indian political power
- Reasons for revolt of 1857
- Participation in Revolt
- Spread of Revolt
- Response of British
- Impact of Revolt of 1857
- Factors responsible for failure of Revolt of 1857
- Post world war scenario favorable for Nationalism
- Impact of Russian Revolution on National Movement
- Montague Chelmsford reforms
- Rowlatt Act
- Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi and his ideas
- Champaran Satyagraha, Ahmedabad Mill strike
- Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
- Khilafat movement and Non cooperation movement
- Impact of ChauriChaura Incident
- Role of Swarajists
- State peoples conference movements
- Rise of Socialism within congress
- Peasant, Tribal and workers agitation
- Socialist turn to Revolutionary terrorism
- Response of British to revolutionary terrorism
- Boycott of Simon Commission
- Nehru Report
- Significance of PoornaSwaraj Resolution
- Dandi March
- Programme of CDM (1930-34) and British response
- First Round table conference
- Gandhi-Irwin pact and second RTC
- Second phase of CDM
- Women Participation after coming of Mahatma Gandhi
- Communal Award
- Poona Pact and Mahatma Gandhi fast unto death
- Mahatma Gandhi and BR Ambedkar approach to caste and untouchability
- Third RTC
EXPANSION OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 1756-1818
- British expansion in Bengal
- Importance of Battle of Plassey
- Clash between Mir Qasim and East India Company
- Dual system of administration in Bengal
- Wars under Warren Hastings and Cornwallis
- Expansion under Lord Wellesley
- Subsidiary Alliance policy of Wellesley
- Expansion under Cornwallis
- Overpowering of Maratha Confederacy
ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES POST REVOLT OF 1857
- Government of India Act of 1858
- Indian council Act of 1861
- Role of Mayo, Lytton and Ripon
- Promotion of Local bodies and role of Ripon
- Changes in Army
- Changed Relationship with Princely States
- Reactionary policy of British
- Divide and Rule
- Restrictions on Press and Acts Related to it
- Attitude towards social reform
- Hostility towards educated Indians
- Carrot and Stick policy
- Labor Legislations
CONSOLIDATION UNDER BRITISH RULE, 1818-1857
- Conquest of Sind
- Conquest of Punjab
- Policy of Annexation of Dalhousie
STRUCTURE OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
- End of Dual Government and Direct Administration of Bengal (From 1772)
- Relations between East India Company and British state between 1765-1833
- Regulating Act of 1773 and Pitts India Act
- Charter Act of 1813 and 1833
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE
- Ruin of Traditional Economy
- Impoverishment of peasantry
- Ruin of old zamindars
- Rise of new Landlordism
- Deterioration of Agriculture
- Development of modern industries
- Rise of new social class in India
- Poverty and Famines
- Drain of Wealth theory
BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY IN INDIA FROM 1757-1857
- Commercial Policy of British from 1757-1857
- Effect of Battle of Plassey on Indian Trade
- Effect of Industrial Revolution on Economic relations with India
- Factors that Make Britain Favorable for Industrial Revolution
- Drain of Wealth
- Development of Means of Transport and communication and industries
- Land Revenue Policy of British (Permanent, Ryotwari, Mahalwari)
- Effect of Land Revenue Policy on Agrarian relations in India
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (1858-1905)
- Factors responsible for Rise of Nationalism
- Predecessors of Indian National Congress
- Indian National Congress
- Constitutional Reforms by Moderates
- Economic Reforms by Moderates
- Administrative and other reforms by Moderates
- Defence of Civil rights
- Method of Constitutional agitation of Moderates
- British Repsonse
- Evaluation of role of moderates
NATIONALIST POLITICS (1935-1939)
- Government of India Act, 1935
- Formation of Congress Ministries
- Growth of Socialist Ideas
- Congress and International Affairs
- National Movement in Princely States
- Growth of Communalism
- National movement and World War II
- August Offer , 1940
- Individual civil disobedience movement (1940-41)
- Cripps Mission and Reasons for Failure
- Quit India Movement and British Response
- Women participation in end stages of freedom struggle
- Azad Hind Fauj and SC Bose
- INA Trials
- Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference
- 1945-46 elections and the communal divide
- RIN (Royal Indian Navy Mutiny)
- Labour and peasant Unrest all over Country
- Reasons Behind British Support for India’s demand for freedom
- Cabinet Mission
- Towards Partition and independence
- Rise of Muslim communalism and partition of India
- The Indian independence Act July, 1947
- Role of Various Leaders
- Factors leading to Partition
- Why congress accepted partition of India
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM AFTER 1858
- Factors responsible for Religious reform of 19th Century
- Religious reforms in Maharashtra
- Swami Dayanand and AryaSamaj
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Theosophical society
- Swami vivekanand
- Aligarh School of Thought
- Reform among Parsis
- Limitations of religious reform movement
- Movement to Improve position of Women
- Struggle Against Caste
- Effect of National Awakening on social reforms
- Social legislations in the 19th and 20th century
ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY OF BRITISH
- Civil Service in India
- Role of Army
- Police
- Judicial organization during British Rule
- Introduction of Rule of Law
- Equality Before Law
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL POLICY OF BRITISH
- Modern Thoughts that influenced British Policies in India
- Conservatives and Radicals
- Policy of partial modernization
- Humanitarian Measures (Abolition of Sati etc)
- Spread of modern education
Contemporary Issues: PIC (Mains)
- Reorganisation of States
- Emergency in India
- Linguistic Regionalism in India.
- Lok Sabha Elections 2014 and 2018
- Agriculture since 12th five year plan
- Industry since 12th five year plan
- New Economic Policies and its Impact
SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO VULNERABLE SECTION
- Tribal Issue and Policy Consolidation
- Issue of Women and Evolution of Women Movement
- Agrarian Struggles
- Problem of Caste and Social Consolidation
- Communalism Secularism and Social Consolidation
- Regionalism Issues in India
- Issue of Linguistic Minorities
- Environmental Movements
Indian Culture (Mains)
- Aims and objectives of performing arts and their development through various stages.
- Utility of performing arts during the ancient and the medieval period.
- Appreciate the contribution of classical dances, folk music as well as folk dances in Indian culture and Challenges faced by performing Arts
- Development of drama through various phases in India and recognize the contribution of folk theatre
- Examine the importance of the three art forms in the development of human personality.
- Religious and secular Art in India
- Vedic Literature
- Tamil language and Sangam Literature
- Classical languages : Evolution & impact on society
- Trends in Medieval Literature
- Modern Indian Literature
- Harappan “Dancing Girl”
- Jain Tirthankaras Bronze Images
- Buddha bronze Images (ex Guptas and Vakatakas)
- Pala school of Art (Bronze images, Manuscripts)
- Pallava Bronze Images
- Chola Bronzes
- Nataraja
- Evolution of Indian Music
- Contribution of Some personalities : Amir Khusro, Mohammad Shah
- Hindustani Music evolution, features and impact
- Carnatic Music evolution, features and impact
- Hindustani and Carnatic music differences and similarities
- Regional music and its impact
- Modern Music
- Architectural Style of Harappan Civilisation
- Influence of Buddhism and Jainism on Indian architecture
- Stupas, Chaityas and Viharas
- Impact of Persian and Greek invasion on Indian culture
- Mauryan Architecture (322-182 BC)
- Post Mauryan Architecture
- Gandhara and Mathura school of Art
- Cultural development during Gupta Age
- Temple Architecture and Sculptures
- Nagara and Dravida Styles
- Early Temples
- Rock Cut temples
- Monolithic Temples
- Free Standing Temples
- Pallavas as great temple builders
- Emergence of Nalanda as centre of learning
- Medieval Period architecture
- Delhi Sultanate
- Regional Kingdoms ( Mandu, Jaunpuretc)
- Vijaynagara Architecture
- Mughal Architecture
- Indo Islamic Architecture
- Colonial Architecture
- Utility of Architectural structures today and in Past
- Conservation and Preservation of Architectural Structures
- Spread of Indian Culture to Southeast Asia
- Prehistoric Rock Paintings
- Ancient Period
- Murals Paintings
- Bagh Caves
- Sittanavasal Paintings
- Armamalai caves
- Medieval Period
- Pala school of miniature paintings
- Mughal miniature paintings (synthesis of Indian and Persian style)
- Role of Akbar and his successors
- Development of Pahari, Rajput and Deccan Paintings
- Theme of paintings in Medieval period
- Modern Period
- Bengal school of Art
- Renaissance or revivalist painting
- Madras School of Art
- Decorative Art
- Madhubani
- Kalamkari
- Kalighat
- Warli
- Pattachitra
- Theme of decorative paintings in India
- Theatre Forms of India
- Significance of Traditional folk theatre in India
- Different forms of traditional folk theatre in India
- Sanskrit theatre in India
- Challenges faced by theatre in India
- Puppet forms in India
- Themes of puppetry in India
- Forms of Puppetry
- Religious Philosophies
- Buddhism and its impact
- Jainism and its impact
- Sufism and its impact
- Vedanta Philosophy
- Bhakti Traditions
- Tracing Evolution of Dance (Rig Veda, Harappa, Nataraja)
- Classical Dances of India, their evolution and Theme
- Well known Classical dancers of India.
- Themes in Indian folk dances
- Introduction ( Natyashastra)
- Evolution of Drama in India
- Various texts relating to Drama period wise (ex Mahabhasya, mrichhakatika)
- Famous Modern Dramas and Dramatists.
Medieval History
MAJOR DYNASTIES (750-1200) OF EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA
- The Pratiharas (8th to 10th Century)
- The Palas (8th to 11th Century)
- The Tripartite Conflict
- The Senas (11th to 12th Century)
- The Rajaputas
- Pallavas
- Chalukyas
- Rashtrakutas
- Indian Feudalism
- Administration
- Society and Culture
- Economy and the decline of Trade
STATE AND GOVERNMENT UNDER AKBAR
- Akbar’s Concept of Suzerainty
- Structure of Government, Central and
Provincial -the Vikalat, the Central Ministries, Provincial - Government, District and Local Government
- The Working of Government – the Ruler, Land-Revenue System, the Dahsala System, the Mansabdari System and the Army
THE MARATHA AND OTHER INDIAN STATES AND SOCIETY IN THE 18TH CENTURY
- The Marathas and their Policy of Expansion
- The Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk
- The Maratha Advance into Gujarat and Malwa
- The Maratha Advance into Doab and Punjab:
- First Phase (1741-52); Second Phase (1752-61);
- Third Battle of Panipat
- Shivaji (1627-1680)
- Shivaji’s administration
- Successors of Shivaji
- The Peshwas (1713-1818)
- Other Indian States ( The Bhonsles The Gaikwads Holkars Sindhias)
- Economic Condition in 18th Century
- Social and Cultural Life
CHOLAS AND OTHER SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOMS
- Chola Rulers and Political History
- Chola Administration
- Socio-Economic Life
- Education and Literature
- The Cheras (9th to 12th Century)
- The Yadavas (12th to 13th Century)
- Contact with South-East Asia
- Relations with the Ulama and Social Reforms
- The Early Phase (1556-73)
- The Second Phase (1573-80) – the Ibadat Khana
- Debates – the Mahzar – Breach with Orthodox
- Ulama – Re-organisation of Madadd-i-Maash Grants
- Third or Final Phase – Din-i-Ilahi – State
- Policies and religious toleration
- Sources
- Political History
- Administration
- Social and Cultural Life
- Economic Condition
- Conflicts with the Bahmani Kingdom
- The Arab Conquest of Sindh
- Mahmud of Ghazni
- Muhammad Ghori
THE DECCAN AND THE MUGHALS (UP TO 1657)
- The Deccani States up to 1595
- Mughal Advance towards the Deccan
- Mughal Conquest of Berar, Khandesh and Parts of Ahmadnagar
- Rise of Malik Ambar Mughal Attempt at Consolidation (1601-27)
- Extinction of Ahmadnagar,Acceptance of Mughal
- Suzerainty by Bijapur and Golconda
- Shah Jahan and the Deccan (1636-57)
- Cultural Contribution of the Deccani States
THE DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526 AD)
- Slave Dynasty
- Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD)
- Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)
- Provincial Kingdoms and Resistance
by Indian Chiefs - Sayyid Dynasty
- Lodi Dynasty
- Attacks by Mongolas and other Turks
- Administration
- Economy
- Urbanization
- Society and Culture
- Scientific Knowledge and legal System
- Challenges leading to the decline of the Sultanate
REGIONAL STATES IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
- Regional States of North and South India (Bahmani, Bengal, Avadh, The Sikhs, Rajput States Jats Hyderabad Mysore)
- Social and Cultural Conditions
- Economic Conditions
- Military Conditions
- Akbar and the Uzbeks
- The Question of Qandahar and Relations with Iran
- Shah Jahan’s Balkh Campaign
- Mughal – Persian Relations – the Last Phase
NORTHERN INDIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
- Bahadur Shah I, and the Beginning of the Struggle For Wizarat
- Rajput Affairs
- Marathas and the Deccan – Accentuation of the Party Struggle
- Struggle for ‘New’ Wizarat: Zulfiqar Khan and Jahandar Shah (1712-13)
- The Saiyid Brothers’ Struggle for ‘New’ Wizarat
- The Saiyid ‘New’ Wizarat
- The Wizarat of M. Amin Khan and Nizam-ul-Mulk
- Rise of Regional States, Beginning of Foreign Invasions of India (1725-48)
STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE IN NORTH INDIA (AFGHANS, RAJPUTS AND MUGHALS)
- Struggle between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur
- The Battle of Panipat
- Babur’s problems after the Battle of Panipat
- Struggle with RanaSanga
- Problems of the Eastern Areas and the Afghans
- Babur’s Contribution and Significance of his Advent into India
- Humayun and the Afghans
- Early Activities of Humayun, and the Tussle with Bahadur Shah
- The Gujarat Campaign
- The Bengal Campaign, and Struggle with Sher Khan
INDIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
- Jahangir’s Accession – his Early Difficulties
- Territorial Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire – Mewar, East India and Kangra
- NurJahan, and the NurJahan ‘Junta’ The Rebellions of Shah Jahan,
and the coup de main of Mahabat Khan - Jahangir as a Ruler
- State and Religion in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century
- Shah Jahan – Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire
- Evolution of the Mughal Ruling Class and the Mansabdari System
- Rural Society
- Towns and Town Life
- Artisans and Master-Craftsmen
- Women
- Servants and Slaves
- Standard of Living
- The Ruling Classes – Nobility, Rural Gentry
- The Middle Strata
- The Commercial Classes
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NORTH INDIAN EMPIRE
- Social and Political Background of Bihar and the Rise of Sher Shah to Power
- The Sur Empire (1540-56)
- Contributions of Sher Shah
- Coinage
- Architecture
CLIMAX AND CRISIS OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE: THE MARATHAS AND THE DECCAN
- Rise of the Marathas – Early Career of Shivaji
- Treaty of Purandar – the Agra Visit
- Aurangzeb and the Deccani States (1658-87)
- Marathas and the Decean (1687-1707)
- Assessment of Aurangzeb and the Jagirdari Crisis
ECONOMIC LIFE-PATTERNS AND PROSPECTS
- Inland Trade
- Overseas Trade – Role of Foreign Trading
- Companies – Position of Indian Merchants Over-land Trade
- The Mughal State and Commerce
- Trend of India’s Economy and Prospects during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century
CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION OF THE EMPIRE – AKBAR
- Conflict with the Afghans – Hemu
- 2nd Battle of Panipat
- Struggle with the Nobility: Bairam Khan’s Regency; Revolt of Uzbek Nobles
- Early Expansion of the Empire (1560-76) – Malwa, Garh-Katanga, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Eastern India
- Relations with the Rajputs – Growth of a Composite Ruling Class
- Rebellions, and Further Expansion of the Empire in the North West
Indian Culture (Prelims)
- Architecture
- Harappan Period
- Mauryan Architecture
- Post-Mauryan Period
- Gupta Period
- Temples of Khajuraho
- Temples of Odisha
- Temples of Gwalior
- Temples of Gujarat
- Temples of Rajasthan
- Temples of Bengal
- Temples of Assam
- Temples of Himachal Pradesh
- Temples of Jammu and Kashmir
- Pallava Period Temples
- Chola Period Temples
- Pandya Temples
- Vijaynagar Period Temples
- NayakaTemples
- Temples of Kerala
- Rashtrakuta Period Temples
- Schools of Temple Architecture
- Nagara Style
- Vesara Style
- Hoysala Style
- Dravidian Style
- Indo-Islamic Architecture
- Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate)
- Provincial Style
- Mughal Style
- Sikh Style of Architecture
- Avadh (Oudh) Style
- Rajput Architecture
- Jaina Art
- Modern Architecture
- European Influence
- Portuguese
- Danish
- British
- Indo-Saracenic Architecture
- Post-Independence Period
- European Influence
- Sculptures
-
- Sculptures of Harappan Civilisation
- Sculptures of Mauryan Age
- Post-Mauryan Period
- Jain Sculptures
- Buddhist Sculpture
- Gupta Sculpture
- Medieval School of Sculpture
- Modern Indian Sculpture
-
- Paintings
-
- Cave Paintings
- Tradition of Mural Paintings in India
- Tradition of Miniature Paintings in India
- Paintings in the Deccan
- Rajput School of Painting
- Pahari School of Painting
- Miniature Painting in South India
- Regional Paintings
- Modern Paintings
- Contemporary Paintings
-
- Pottery Tradition
-
- Ochre: Coloured Pottery(OCP)
- Black and Red Ware (BRW)
- Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
- Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)
- Glazed and Unglazed Pottery
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- Numismatics
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-
- Coinage
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- Music in India
- Classical Indian Music
- Hindustani Music
- Gharanas
- Carnatic Music
- Hindustani Music
- Main Pillars of Indian Music
- Forms of Indian Music
- Musical Instruments
- Institutions Related to Music in India
- Folk Music
- Classical Indian Music
- Dances in India
- Concept of Dance in India
- Concept of Ashta Nayika
- Rasa and Bhava
- Eight Classical Dance Forms in India
- Folk Dances
- Modern Dances
- Sports in India
- Various Type of Sports
- Genesis of Martial Arts
- Forms of Traditional Martial Arts
- Animal Sports
- Indian Theatre
- History of Theatre in India
- Classical Sanskrit Theatre
- Traditional Theatre
- Regional Theatre
- Modern Theatre in India
- Renaissance of Indian Theatre
- Cinema in India
- History of Indian Cinema
- Classification of Indian Cinema Film
- Indian Puppetry
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-
- String Puppets
- Shadow Puppets
- Rod Puppets
- Glove puppets
- Modern Puppetry
- Tribal Puppetry
-
RELIGION, LANGUAGE & LITERATURE
- Religions in-India
- Pre-Vedic Religion
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
- Jainism
- Sikhism
- Islam
- Christianity
- Zoroastrianism
- Judaism
- Philosophy in India
- Bhakti Movement
- Saints of Bhakti Movement
- Sufism
- Languages and Literature in India
- Classical Language
- Sanskrit Literature
- Pali Literature
- Prakrit Literature
- Tamil Literature
- Telugu Literature
- Malayalam Literature
- Kannada Literature
- Odia Literature
- Assamese Literature
- Bengali Literature
- Gujarati Literature
- Rajasthani Literature
- Punjabi Literature
- Marathi Literature
- Hindi Literature
- Persian Literature
- Urdu Literature
- Influence/Contribution of foreign languages & Literature to India language
- Government Cultural Institutions in India
- UNESCO’s List of Cultural Heritage in India
- Protection and Promotion of Indian Culture and Heritage :Legal Provisions
- Schemes and Awards
- Awards and Honours Associated with Culture
- International Yoga Day
- Indian Handicrafts
- Personalities Related to Culture
- Places of Cultural Interest
- The Calendar & the Eras
- Science and Technology in Ancient India
- Recent developments
- Important Festivals
- Kheer Bhawani festival
- Mahapushkaram
- Bathu kamma
- Manipur Sangai Festival
- Losar festival
- Intangible Cultural Heritage under UNESCO has inscribed ´Kumbh Mela’
- Sankalp Parva-Sankalp se Siddhi’
- Paryatan Parv
- Bharat Parv
- Orange Festival Nagpur
- Protest against Sunburn fest
- 2017 Teesta Rangit Tourism Festival
- Ganga sagarmela
- Nabakalebar Rath Yatra
- Chapchar Kut Festival
- Hornbill Festival
- Wangala Festival
- Schemes for Cleanliness of Tourist Places
- Swachh Bharat Swachh Smarak
- ‘Swachh Bharat Swachh Paryatan’
- Incredible India 2.0 Campaign
- Schemes for Development of Cultural Heritage
- Sanskriti App
- Cultural Mapping of India
- Schemes for Monument Development
- HRIDAY
- SWADESH DARSHAN
- PRASAD SCHEME
- AdarshSmarak Yojana
- Cultural Scheme Monitoring System
- Schemes for promotion of Culture
- Schemes for Serious Literature and Litterateurs
- National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities
- National Mission on Manuscripts
- Gandhi Heritage Sites Mission
- Muziris Heritage Site
- International Initiatives for Cultural Development and Recognition
- Project Mausam
- International Buddhist Conclave
- World’s Heritage
- UNESCO inscribes Yoga in the representative list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
- UNESCO Creative Cities Network
- UNESCO Global Geopark
- National Virtual Library of India
- Jallikattu
- Kambala
- GI Tag
- Definition
- GI vs. Trademark
- Rights under GI
- Famous Goods
- Latest addition
- Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
Modern History
THE ADVENT OF EUROPEANS IN INDIA
- The Portuguese in India
- De Almeida
- Albuquerque
- Causes of failure of Portuguese empire in India
- The Dutch in India
- The Danes in India
- The English
- The French
- Anglo-French Rivalry
- First Carnatic War
- Rise of the Hyderahad State
- The Second Carnatic War
- The Third Carnatic War
- Causes of English Succes
- Different Publications and Journals
- Acts related to Press
- Vernacular Press Act, 1878
- Struggle by Early Nationalists to
Secure Press Freedom , - During and After the First World War
- During the Second World War
- After Independence
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – III (1930-1947)
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1931)
- First Round Table Conference, 1930
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931
- Karachi session of 1931
- Second Round Table Conference, 1931
- Civil Disobedience Movement (Second-Phase)
- Third Round Table Conference (17 November 1932)
- Communal Award
- Poona Pact, 1932
- Government of India Act, 1935
- World War II and Indian Nationalism
- Resignation of Congress Ministers (1939)
- Poona Resolution and Conditional Support to Britain (1941)
- August Offer of 1940
- The Individual Civil Disobedience
- Two-Nation Theory
- Demand for Pakistan (1942)
- Cripps Mission (1942)
- Quit India Movement
- Azad Hind Fauj
- Indian National Army
- N.A. Trials
- I.N. Rebellion
- Rajagopalachari Formula, 1945
- Desai – Liaqat Pact
- Cabinet Mission (1946)
- Wavell Plan
- Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution
- Mountbatten Plan of June 1947
- Indian Independence Act 1947
- Bengal
- Anglo Maratha Wars
- The Subsidiary Alliance System
- Second Phase of British
Expansion In India - The Conquest of Sindh
- Anglo-Sikh Wars
- Doctrine of Lapse
- Annexation of Oudh
- Factors causing Reforms
- Directions of refroms
- Hindu Reform Movements
- Reform Movements Among Muslims
- Sikh Reform Movement
- Parsi Reform Movement
- Parsi Religious Reform Association
- Significance of Reform Movements
- Impact of Reform Movements
- The Dual System
- The Charter Acts
- Judicial System
- Impact of British Administration
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Swami Vivekananda
- Swami DayanandaSaraswati
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- Keshab Chandra Sen
- Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa
- Mahadev Govind Ranade
- Annie Besant–Theosophical Society
- Syed Ahmad Khan
- Baba Dayal Das
- Pandita Ramabai Sarojini Naidu
- Jyotiba Phule
- Dr.Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE BRITISH
- Phase of Mercantilism (1757-1813)
- Phase of Free Trade (1813-1858)
- Phase of Finance Imperialism (1858 onwards)
- Land Revenue Policy
- Ryotwari
- Mahalwari
- Permanent Settlement
- Impact of British Policy on Indian Economy
- Drain of Wealth Theory
PEASANT, TRIBAL AND OTHER MOVEMENTS
- Tribal Movements
- Bhil Uprising
- Kol Uprising
- Santhal Rebellion
- Jaintia and Garo Rebellion
- Rampa Rebellion
- Munda Rebellion
- Khonda Dora Uprisings
- Tana Bhagat Movement
- Peasant Movements
- Champaran Satyagraha
- Kheda Peasant Struggle
- Bardoli Movement
- Moplah Rebellion
- Tebhaga Movement
- Telangana Movement
GOVERNOR GENERALS DURING BRITISH INDIA
- Governor of Bengal (Before 1773)
- Governor Generals of Bengal (1773-1833)
- Governor Generals of India (1832-1858)
- Viceroy and Governor Generals of India (1858-1947)
IMPACT OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATION
- Industrialization—Ruin of Artisans and Handicrafts men
- Impoverishment of Peasantry
- Emergence of New Land Relations, Ruin of Old Zamindars
- Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture
- Commercialization of Indian Agriculture
- Development of Modern Industry
- Rise of Indian Bourgeoisie
- Economic Drain
- Famine and Poverty
- Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy
- Abolition of the Dual System
- Early Phase Indian National Congress
- The Moderate Congress (1885-1905)
- Opinion Against Economic Exploitation Administrative Reforms Constitutional Reforms : Weaknesses & Evaluation
- The Extremist (1905-1920)
- Terrorist Movements
- The Revolutionary Movement
- Reasons for Failure
- Revolutionary Activities in Maharashtra
- Revolutionary Activities in Bengal
- Revival of Revolutionary Nationalism
- Surya Sen
- Revolutionary Activities Outside India
- The Indian Independence Committee in Berlin
- Differences between the Moderates and the Extremists
- Robert Clive (1754-1767)
- Lord Warren Hastings (1773-1785)
- Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
- Sir John Shore (1793-1798)
- Lord Arthur Wellesley (1798-1805)
- Lord George Barlow (1805-1807)
- Lord Minto-I (1807-1813)
- Francis Rawdon Hastings (1813-1823): (Marques of Hastings)
- Lord Amherst (1823-28)
- Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
- Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836)
- Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
- Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844)
- Lord Hardinge-I (1844-1848)
- Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856 great imperialist and colonist)
- Lord Canning (1856-1857 and 1858-1862)
- Lord Elgin-I (1862-1863)
- Lord Lawrence (1864-1869)
- Lord Mayo (1869-1872)
- Lord Northbrook (1872-1876)
- Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
- Lord Rippon (1880-1884)
- Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)
- Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)
- Lord Elgin-II (1894-1999)
- Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
- Lord Minto-II (1905-1910)
- Lord Hardinge-II (1910-1916)
- Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)
- Lord Reading (1921-1926)
- Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
- Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)
- Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944)
- Lord Wavell (1944-1947)
- Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948)
- Causes of the Revolt
- Economic Causes
- Political Causes
- Administrative Causes
- Socio -Religious Causes
- Influence of Outside Events
- Discontent Among Sepoy’s
- Centres and Spread of the Revolt
- Leaders of the Revolt
- Causes of Failure of the Revolt
- Nature and Impact of the Revolt
- Consequences
ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES AFTER 1857
- Administration – Central, Provincial, Local
- Changes in the Army
- Public Services
- Princely States
- Foreign Policy
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – I (1905-1918)
- Partition of Bengal (1905)
- Swadeshi Movement
- Muslim League, 1906
- Surat Session of INC, 1907
- Indian Council Act (Morley-Minto Act) 1909
- Ghadar Party, 1913
- Komagata Maru Incident 1914
- The Lucknow Pact (1916)
- Home Rule Movement (1915–1916)
- August Declaration, 1917
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
- Regulating Act 1773
- Pitts India Act of 1784
- Charter Act of 1793
- Charter Act of 1813
- Charter Act of 1833
- Charter Act of 1853
- Government of India Act 1858
- The Indian Councils Act 1861
- Indian Councils Act 1892
- Indian Councils Act 1909 or Morley – Minto Reforms Government of India Act 1919 or Montague – Chelmsford Reforms
- Government of India Act 1935
- Indian Independence Act, 1947
- Indian Civili Services Act, 1861
- Aitcision Comminittee on Public Services (1886)
- Montford Reforms (1919)
- Lee Commission (1924)
- Government of India Act, 1935
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT –II (1918-1929)
- World War I-Reforms and Agitation
- Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
- Ahmadabad Mill Strike (1918)
- Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
- The Government of India Act, 1919
- Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre (1919) - Khilafat Movement
- The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
- Bardoli Resolution
- Nagpur Session of Congress
- Swaraj Party and its Evaluation
- Muddiman Committee (1924)
- Simon Commission (1927)
- Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
- Nehru Report (1928)
- Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
- Lahore Session, 1929
- Allahabad Address (1930)
- Charter Act of 1813
- Orientalist-Anglicism Controversy
- Efforts of Thomson
- Wood’s Dispatch (1854) Hunter Education Commission (1882-83)
- Indian Universities Act, 1904
- Government Resolution on Education Policy—1913
- Saddler University Commission (1917-19)
- Education Under Dyarchy
- Hartog Committee (1929)
- Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937)
- Sergeant Plan of Education
- Kothari Education Commission (1964-66)
- Development of Vernacular Education
- Development of Technical Education
- Evaluation of British Policy on Education
Post Independence Consolidation (Mains)
CHALLENGES BEFORE INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
- Communal Riots and Regions most affected
- Partition and then Independence: Punjab, Bengal and Assam, Sindh
- Radcliff Commission and challenges before boundary commission
- Radcliff Commission and its composition
- Drawbacks of Commission
- Division of sources
- Finances
- Defence personnel and equipment
- Civil government
- Assassination of Gandhi
- Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Refugees
- Shift to Constitutional Democracy
- Economic Development and Planning
- Ideas of Development
- Planning
- Formation of Planning Commission
- First five year plan
- Second five year plan
- Achievements of Plans from 1947 to 1965
- Key controversies regarding 5 year plans
- Green Revolution
- Prevailing Conditions before the introduction of Green Revolution
- Initiatives prior to Green Revolution to boost Agriculture
- Government’s other positive initiative during Green Revolution Period
- Positive and negative impact of Green Revolution
- Operation Flood and Cooperatives
- Formation of Amul
- Starting and impact of Operation Flood
- Limitations of Co-operativization
- Development of land reforms in India between 1947 and early 1960’s
- Abolition of intermediaries
- Tenancy reforms
- Ceiling on land holdings
- Bhoodan Movement
- Aims and advantages of Bhoodan movement
THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER
- The JP movement and Emergency 1975-77: Testing of Indian democracy tested
- Background to emergency (Economic context, Gujarat and Bihar movements, Conflict with Judiciary)
- Declaration of emergency (Crisis and Response)
- Controversies regarding emergency
- Lessons from emergency
- Politics after Emergency (LS elections 1977 and Janata Party)
- The Opposition: Initial years of BJP
- The Naxalite Movement
- Communalism
- Secularism and democracy
- Ayodhya dispute: Demolition and after
- Communalism and use of state power
- Revival and growth of communalism
- Anti-muslim riots in Gujarat
- The Punjab Crisis
- Operation Blue Star
- Demand of Khalistan
- Basis of Regionalism: Politics in the states
- Roots of tension
- Challenges of Regionalism
- Tamil Nadu (Dravidian Movement), Andhra Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal and J&K (external and internal disputes)
- Secessionist movement in North-Eastern states
- Accommodation and National Integration
- Policy of Equal Federation (1935-1947)
- Plan of consolidation
- Integration of Princely States: Junagadh, Kashmir and Hyderabad
- Aftermath of Integration
- Goa and Pondicherry
- Tribal Integration
- Roots of India Tribal Policy
- Reasons for dismal performance of Tribal Policy
- Positive Development happened due to state’s Initiative since 1947
- Issue of language
- The Official Language
- Features of Official Language Act
- Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy
- Strategic Issues
- Features of Indian Foreign Policy
- Emergence of NAM and its Summits
- Organizational structure & membership
- India and its neighbours
- India and China
- India and Pakistan (Indo-Pak War, Kargil War, Shimla Agreement, Tashkent Declaration and Agra Summit)
- India and Bangladesh (Creation of Bangladesh)
- India and Sri Lanka
- India with Nepal and Bhutan
- India’s relations with USA and USSR during cold war
- Analysis of Nehruvian Foreign Policy
- Nature of Popular Movements
- Environment Movements
- Chipko Movement
- Narmada Bachao Andalon (Sardar Sarovar Project, Debates and struggles)
- Party based Movement and Non-party based movements
- Caste, Untouchability, Anti-caste politics and strategies
- Issues of Dalit
- Dalit panthers: Origin and their activities
- Agrarian Struggles
- Bharatiya Kisan Union: Growth and its characteristics
- National Fish Worker’s Forum
- Anti-Arrack Movement: Origin and its linkage
- Indian Women since Independence
- Lesson from popular movements
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS
- Context of the 1990s
- Era of Coalition
- Decline of Congress
- Alliance politics
- Political Rise of other Backward Classes
- Mandal Implemented: The Mandal Commission
- Political fallouts
- NEP-1991, LPG policy, Tax reforms, Privatisation, Globalisation and ICT
- Nuclear policy
- Emergence of new consensus
- LS Elections 2004
- Terrorist troubles and relations with Pakistan
FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
- Evolution of the Constitution and main provisions
- Steps to the Constitution
- Constitutional Developments
- The Indian Constitution: Main Provisions
- The Constituent Assembly
- Formation of the Constituent Assembly
- Compulsions and Issues in front of Assembly
- Challenge of building democracy
- Challenges before ECI and conduction of first general election
- Starting of one party dominance
- Dominance of Congress System
- Nature of Congress Dominance
- 1967 elections
- Split in the Congress
- Emergence of Opposition Parties
- Role of opposition parties
- Various opposition parties
World History (Mains)
- Decline of feudalism
- Beginning of Renaissance
- Pre-industrial Europe
- Factors that led to industrial revolution and its Impact
- Causes of the revolution in France
- France under Napoleon
- Impact and Significance of revolution
- Rise of the nation- state system
- Unification of Italy and Germany
- Colonialism and its Analysis
- The age of Imperialism (1870-1914)
- Imperialism in Asia
- Foundation of American Colonies
- The Independence of USA
- The American Revolutionary War and its impact
- Political Effects of the Revolution
- How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
- Causes and Course of the war
- Consequences of World War I
- Aftermath of World War I
- League of Nations
- Major events in pre-revolution Russia
- Causes and Course of revolution
- Consequences and Aftermath of the war
- Post-Lenin Russia
INTER-WAR YEARS (1919 TO 1939)
- The Great Depression- an economic perspective
- Rise of Fascism in Italy & Nazism in Germany
- Soviet Union (USSR)
- Causes &Course of the war
- Aftermath &Analysis of the war
- Decolonization Phase
- Democratic reforms in Middle East
- Arab nationalism
- Israel and Palestine
- Impact in India
- Indian Policy
- Global issues since 1991
- Integration of Europe
- Rise of global Islamic terrorism
- Rise of China
COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM AND CAPITALISM
- Capitalism (concept, types and example)
- Communism (concept, types, example)
- Relevance of capitalism in present era