GS MICRO TOPICS
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:: GEOGRAPHY ::
Geography (Prelims)
- Universe
- Theories of development of Universe
- Galaxy
- Star formation
- Planet formation
- Solar system
- Moon
- Asteroid
- Meteor
- Kupier belt
- Comets
- Dwarf planets
- Earth Evolution
- Geological History of Earth
- Evolution of the Earth Layered Structure
- Evolution of Lithosphere
- Evolution of Atmosphere
- Evolution of Hydrosphere
- Latitude and Longitude including important Parallels and Meridians
- Motions of the Earth – Rotation, Revolution and their effects
- Inclination of the Earth’s Axis and its effects
- Time Zones, Local and Standard Time and the International Date Line, Calendar
- Eclipses – Solar, Lunar
- Earth’s magnetic field
- Earth’s Geological time scale
- ORIGIN of LIFE
- Earth’s Interior
- Interior of the Earth
- Crust
- Mantle
- Core
- Sources of Information
- Direct
- Indirect – Earth Quake Waves Volcanoes
- Theories – Suess Theory
- Interior of the Earth
- Geology and Rock system
- Minerals
- Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust
- Minerals – Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxene Amphibole, Mica , Olivine
- Physical Characteristics–Crystal Form, Cleavage Fracture, Lusture, Color, Streak
- Transparency, Structure, Hardness, Specific Gravity
- Metallic minerals – precious Ferrous, Non Ferrous
- Non-metallic Minerals – Sulphur, Phosphates, Cement
- Rocks (Aggregate of Minerals)
- Petrology
- Rocks & landforms
- Rocks & Soils
- 3 Family of Rocks
- Igneous
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
- Geomorphic Processes
- Earth’s Surface
- Exogenic Forces
- Endogenic Forces
- Gradation , Degradation & Agradation
- Endogenic Forces
- Diastrophism
- Orogenic
- Epierogenic
- Earthquakes
- Plate movements
- Volcanism
- Exogenic Forces
- Denudation Processes
- Weathering
- Mass movements
- Erosion Transportation & Deposition
- Earth’s Surface
- Earthquakes and Volcanism
- Earthquakes
- Waves: P,S, Body, Surface,
- Shadow Zone
- Types of Earthquakes
- Effects
- Frequency
- Locating an Epicentre
- Volcanism
- Types
- Shield
- Composite
- Caldera
- Flood Basalt
- Mid Ocean Ridge
- Landforms (intrusive)
- Batholiths
- Lacoliths
- Lopoliths
- Phacoliths
- Sills
- Dykes
- Types
- Earthquakes
- Distribution of Continents & Oceans
- Theories
- Continental Drift Theory
- Alfred Wegner
- Pangea, Panthalasa
- Laurasia, Gondwanaland
- Evidence in support of Continental Drift Theory
- Jigsaw Fit
- Rocks of Same age across oceans
- Tillite
- Placer Deposits
- Distribution of Fossils
- Isostacy
- Sea Floor Spreading
- Forces of Drifting
- Pole Fleeing Force
- Tidal Force
- Post Drift Studies
- Convectional Current Theory
- Mapping of the Ocean Floor
- Plate Tectonics
- Lithospheric Plates – Major Plate – Minor Plates
- Plate Boundaries – Divergent – Convergent – Transform
- Rates of Plate Movements
- Force of plate movement
- Indian Plate
- Landforms and their evolution
- Causes
- Geomorphic Processes
- Geomorphic Agents
- Geomorphic Agent
- Erosional or Destructional
- Depositional or Constructional
- Agents and their Impacts – Wind, Running Water, Ground Water, Glaciers, Waves & Currents
- Winds
- As agents in Hot deserts
- Cause – Deflation Abrasion Impact
- Erosional landforms
- Pediments and Pediplains
- Playas
- Deflation Hollows and Caves
- Mushroom , Table & Pedestal Rocks
- Depositional Landforms
- Barchans
- Seif
- Parabolic
- Transverse
- Longitudinal
- Running Water
- Erosional Landforms
- Valleys
- Rills
- Gullies
- Valleys – V Shape , Gorge (Hard Rocks), Canyon (Sedimentary)
- Potholes & Plunge pools
- Incised or entrenched meanders
- River Terraces – paired & unpaired
- Valleys
- Depositional Landforms
- Alluvial Fans
- Delta
- Flood plains, Natural Levees, Point Bars
- Meansders, Slip off bank, Under cut bank
- Oxbow lake
- Braided Channels
- Erosional Landforms
- Ground Water (Karst Topography)
- Permeable Rocks
- Percolation
- Bedding Plains
- Permeable Rocks
- Limestone and Dolomite Regions
- Balkans , Adjacent to Adriatic regions
- Erosional Landforms
- Pools – Swallow Hole, Valley Sinks (Uvalas), Sinkholes, Collapse sinks (Dolines), Lapies, Ridges, Limestone Pavements
- Caves – Altering bed of Rocks (Shale sandstone quartzit, Caves and Tunnels
- Depositional landforms
- Stalactites
- Stalagmites
- Pillar Columns
- Glaciers
- Erosional Landforms
- Cirque of Tarn Lakes
- Hors and Serrated Regions – Arete
- Glacial Valleys / Troughs – Fiords
- Depositional Landforms
- Glacial Tills
- Moraines
- Eskers
- Outwash Planes
- Drumlins
- Erosional Landforms
- Waves and Currents
- High Rocky Coasts &
Low Sedimentary Coasts - Erosional Landforms
- Cliffs
- Terraces
- Caves
- Stacks
- Depositional Landforms
- Beaches and Dunes
- Bars, Barriers, Spits
- High Rocky Coasts &
- Weathering
- Factors
- Geological
- Climatic
- Topograhic
- Vegetative
- Major Processes
- Chemical
- Physical or Mechanical
- Biological
- Chemical – Forces Chemical Action
- Solution
- Carbonation
- Hydration
- Oxidation & Reduction
- Physical Forces Gravitational, Expansion, Water Pressure
- Unloading & Expansion
- Temperature changes and Expansion
- Freezing, Thawing, & Frost Wedging
- Salt Weathering
- Factors
- Biological Weathering
- Burrowing
- Wedging
- Plant Roots
- Effects of Weathering
- Exfoliation (Flakin) – Exfoliation Domes
- Significance of Weathering
- Soil Formation
- Biomes and Biodiversity
- Leaching / Enrichment
- Mass Movements
- Activating causes
- Forms of movement – Heave Flow Slide
- Causes
- Landforms across the world
- Rivers and lakes (Factual)
- Mountain and Peaks (Factual)
- Plateaus (Factual)
- Hydroshpere
- Water on the Surface of the Earth
- Hydrological Cycle
- Component
- Processes
- Submarine Relief Features
- Oceans
- Relief of the Ocean floor
- Divisions of the ocean floor
- Continental Shelf
- Continental Slope
- Deep sea plain
- Oceanic deep and Trenches
- Minor relief features
- Mid oceanic ridges
- Seamount
- Submarine canyons
- Guyouts
- Volcanic Islands
- Fracture Zones
- Hotspots
- Coral Islands
- Atoll
- Temperature and Salinity
- Temperature of the Ocean Water
- Vertical
- Spatial
- Factors affecting Temperature distribution
- Latitude
- Unequal distribution of land & Water
- Prevailing wind
- Ocean Currents
- Horizontal & Vertical Distribution
- Temperature of the Ocean Water
- Salinity of the Ocean Water
- Factors affecting salinity
- Evaporation and precipitation
- Fresh water flow from rivers
- Ocean currents
- Horizontals distribution of salinity
- Vertical Distribution of salinity
- Density of Ocean Waters
- Factors affecting salinity
- Waves, Ocean Currents, Tides
- Movements of ocean Water
- Factors influencing Movement
- Temperature
- Salinity
- Density
- Motion – Horizontal and Vertical Currents
- Waves
- Motion of waves and water molecules
- Characteristics of wave
- Crest and Trough
- Height
- Amplitude
- Period
- Length
- Speed
- Frequency
- Tides
- Relation between Gravitational Forces and Tides
- Tidal currents
- Types of Tides
- Based on Frequency – Semi Diurnal, Diurnal, mixed
- Based on SME position – spring and Neap Tides
- Importance of Tides
- Ocean Currents
- Primary Force that initiates the movement
- Heating of solar energy
- Wind
- Gravity
- Coriolis force
- Secondary force that influence the currents to flow
- Types of ocean currents:
- Surface currents & Deep water currents based on Depth
- Cold and Warm Currents based on Temperature
- Major Ocean currents of the World
- Effects of Ocean Currents
- Primary Force that initiates the movement
- Marine Resources
- Underground water resource
- Surface water resources
- Inland water resources: Utilization of inland water resources
- Oceanic Water Resources (Marine Resource)
- Utilization of oceans by man
- Water consumption patterns
- Conservation of Water Resources
- Techniques of Water Conservation
- Ocean Deposits and Corals
- Terrigenous Deposits
- Volcanic Deposits
- Biotic deposits
- Neritic
- Pelagic ( Calcereous , Siliceous )
- Abiotic Deposits
- Coral Reefs
- Great Barrier Reef
- Atmosphere
- Composition
- Gases
- Water Vapour
- Dust Particles
- Structure
- Exosphere
- Thermosphere
- Mesosphere
- Stratosphere
- Troposphere
- Altitude vs. Temperature
- Inversion of Temperature
- Temperature
- Factors controlling Temp distribution
- Distribution of Temp Month of January-July
- Range of Temp Month of January-July
- Inversion of Temperature
- Insolation and Heat Budget
- Solar Radiation Heat Balance Temperature Insolation
- Aphelion and Perihelion
- Variability of Insolation at the surface of the Earth
- Day Season Year
- Rotation on Axis, Angle of Inclination of sun rays, Length of the day
- Transparency of Atmosphere, configuration of land in terms of its aspect.
- Heat Balance
- Heating and cooling of atmosphere
- Conduction
- Convection
- Advection
- Terrestrial Radiation
- Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
- Macro Budget
- Albedo
- Shortwave Radiation
- Long wave Earth Radiation
- Variation in the net Heat Budget at the Earth’s Surface
- Winds and Pressure belts
- Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Vertical variation of pressure
- Horizontal distribution of pressure
- World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure
- Factors affecting the velocity and direction of the Wind
- Pressure Gradient Force
- Frictional Force
- Coriolis Force
- Pressure and Wind (Cyclonic & Anticyclone Circulation)
- General Circulation of the Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary Winds
- Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric Heating
- Emergence of Pressure Belts
- Migration of Belts Following apparent Path of Sun
- Distribution of continents & Oceans
- Rotation of the Earth
- Circulation
- Simplified Global Circulation – Hadley Cell , Ferrel Cell
- Seasonal Wind
- Local Wind
- Land and Sea Breezes
- Mountain and Valley Winds
- Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
- Air mass & fronts
- Cyclones
- Thunderstorms
- Tornadoes
- Monsoons
- Fronts
- Precipitation
- Water in the Atmosphere
- Water Vapour
- Precipitation
- Humidity – Absolute and Relative
- Saturation – Dew Point
- Evaporation and Condensation
- Dew
- Frost
- Fog & Mist
- Clouds
- Types – Cirrus, Cumulus, Stratus, Nimbus
- High – Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus
- Middle – Altostratus, Altocumulus
- Low – Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus
- Vertical Development – Cumulus and Cumulonimbus
- Precipitation
- Rainfall, Snowfall, Sleet Hail, Hailstones
- Types of Rainfall
- Conventional
- Orographic
- Cyclonic
- World Distribution of Rainfall
- Climatic Zones of the World
- Koppene’s Classification Climatic Zones
- World Climate
- The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate
- The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates
- The Savanna or Sudan Climate
- The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Climates
- The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate
- The Temperate Continental (Steppe Climate)
- The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type Climate)
- The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type Climate)
- The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate
- The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Lauren-tian) Climate
- The Arctic or Polar Climate
- Soil Characteristics
- Soil Characteristics
- Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
- Stages of Soil Formation
- Soil Forming Processes
- Soil Profiles and Horizons
- Soil Classification
- Soil Erosion and Conservation
- Vegetation resources
- Types of natural vegetation
- Forests
- Significance of forests
- Economic significance, Ecological significance
- Cultural significance
- Factors of forest development
- Extent of forest cover
- Classification of forests
- Grasslands
- Desert vegetation
- Tundra Vegetation
- Economic utilization of forests
- Deforestation
- Deforestation in tropical forests
- Deforestation in temperate forests
- Rate and extent of deforestation
- Causes and factors of deforestation: Immediate causes of deforestation
- Indirect deforestation
- Underlying causes of deforestation
- Conservation of forests
- Forest conservation strategies
- Reforestation
- Monoculture plantation
- Afforestation
- Types of forestry
- Social forestry
- Agro-forestry
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD
- Demography and Census
- Concept of human resources
- Factors affecting the distribution of Population
- Geographical Factors
- Availability of water
- Landforms
- Climate
- Soils
- Economic Factors
- Minerals
- Urbanisation
- Industrialisation
- Socio-cultural factors
- Geographical Factors
- Population Growth
-
- Growth of Population
- Growth Rate of Population
- Natural growth of Population
- Positive Growth of Population
- Negative Growth of Population
-
- Components of Population change
- Crude Birth Rate
- Crude Death Rate
- Migration – Place of Origin and Place of Destination
- Immigration
- Emigration
- Push Factors and Pull Factors
- Trends in Population Growth
- Doubling time of world population
- Spatial pattern of Population change
- Impact of Population Change
- Demographic Transition
- Demographic Transition Theory
- Demographic Cycle
- Theories of population growth
- Malthusian theory
- Marxian theory
- Demographic Transition Theory
- Optimum population
- Over-population
- Under-population
- Population Control Measures
- World population distribution, Density and Growth
- Continent-wide distribution of population
- Pattern of population density globally
- Population increase in the world
- Population Composition
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- Sex composition
- Sex Ratio
- Natural Advantage vs Social Advantage
- Age Structure
- Age – sex Pyramid
- Expanding Populations
- Constant Population
- Declining Popoulation
- Literacy – literacy Rate
- Rural Urban Composition
- Occupational Structure
- Religion based Composition
- Sex composition
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- Population problems
- Population problems of developing countries
- Population problems of developed countries
- Population Policies: of China, of India
- Census 2011
- Census Terminologies
- Census of India important information
- Human Development
- Growth vs Development
- The four pillars of Development
- Equity
- Sustainability
- Productivity
- Empowerment
- Approaches to Human Development
- Measuring Human Development
- Income Approach
- Welfare Approach
- Basic Needs Approach
- Capability Approach
- Internation Comparisions of Human Development
- Economic Activities
- Primary Activities
- Hunting and Gathering Pastoralism
- Nomadic Herding
- Commercial livestock Rearing
- Agriculture
- Subsistence Agriculture
- Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
- Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
- Planation Agriculture
- Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
- Mixed Farming
- Dairy Farming
- Mediterranean Agriculture
- Viticulture
- Market Gardening and Horticulture – Truck Farming
- Cooperative Farming
- Collective Farming
- Mining
- Factors affecting Mining
- Methods of Mining – Open Cast and underground mining
- Secondary Activities
- Manufacturing
- Characteristics of Modern large scale Manufacturing
- Specialisation of Skills/ methods of Production, Mechanisation – Technological Innovation
- Access to market, Access to labour Supply, Access to Sources of Energy, Access to Transportaion and communication Facilities
- Government Policy
- Classification of Manufacturing Industries
- Industries based on size
- Small Scale manufacturing
- Large Scale manufacturing
- Industries based on Inputs/Raw Materials
- Agro Based industries
- Mineral Based Industries
- Chemical based Industries
- Forest based Raw material using industries
- Animal Based industries
- Industries based on Output/Product
- Industries based on ownership
- Industries based on size
- Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary Activities
- Types of Tertiary Activities
- Retail trading
- Trade and commerce
- Wholesale Trading
- Transport
- Communication
- Services
- People engaged in tertiary Activities
- Tourism
- Medical Services
- Quaternary Activities
- Quinary Activities
- Concept of Digital Divide
- Types of Tertiary Activities
- Primary Activities
- Transport and Communication
- Transport
- Modes of Transportation
- Land Transport
- Roads
- Railways
- Water Transport
- Sea Routes
- Inland Waterways
- Air Transport
- Pipelines
- Communications
- Satellite communication
- Cyber space internet
- Transport
- International Trade
- History of international Trade
- Basis of International Trade
- Difference in national resources
- Population Factors
- Stage of Economic Development
- Extent of Foreign Investment
- Transport
- Important aspects of International Trade
- Volume of Trade
- Composition of Trade
- Direction of Trade
- Balance of Trade
- Types of International Trade
- Case of Free Trade
- WTO – World Trade Organisation and Regional Trade Blocs
- Gateways of International Trade
- Ports
- Industrial Ports
- Commercial Ports
- Comprehensive Ports
- Inland Ports
- Out Ports
- Oil Ports
- Port of call
- Packet station
- Entrepot Ports
- Naval Ports
- Settlement
- Types and Patterns of settlements
- Compact of Nucleated Settlements
- Dispersed settlement
- Rural Settlements
- Factors affecting location of rural settlements
- Patterns of Rural settlements
- Urban Settlements
- Classification of Urban Settlements
- Factors affecting location of rural settlements
- Functions of Urban Centre
- Classification of Towns on the basis of Forms
- Types of Urban Settlements
- Town, City, Conurbation, Megalopolis, Million City
- Issues of Urbanization in India
- Rural Urban Migration
- Emergence of Slums
- Inclusive Cities/Smart cities
- Types and Patterns of settlements
- Physiography of India
- Geological Region
- Location
- Physiographic Sub-Units
- Himalayans
- Northern Plains
- Peninsular Plateau
- Thar Desert
- Coastal Plain
- The Islands
- Mountain System
- Classification of The Himalayan System
- Regional Division of the Himalaya
- The Peninsular – Peninsular Plateaus
- Plains – Northern Plains of India
- Lakes
- Deserts
- Indian Coasts and Islands
- Drainage System
- Classification of Drainage
- Himalayan Drainage
- Indus river system
- Indus drainage system
- Ganga River System
- Brahmaputra river system
- Peninsular River System
- East flowing Rivers
- West flowing Rivers
- Mains Rivers and their tributaries
- Famous cities and river banks
- Climate
- Factors influencing the climate of India
- Monsoon
- Mechanism of the Monsoon
- Classical Theory
- Modern theory
- Air mass theory
- Jet stream theory
- EL NINO and LA NINA
- Seasonal rhythm
- Koppen’s Climatic classification
- Indian Droughts and Floods
- Soils in India
- Soil Acidity
- Soil textures
- Minerals of Soil
- Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
- Natural Vegetation
- Vegetation
- Mangroves
- Distribution of Forest Area
- Forest Problems in India
- Population
- Size, growth rate and distribution of population
- India in World Population
- Demographic transition
- Census in India
- Ranking of States and Union
- Territories by population: 2001 & 2011
- Population Growth Rates
- Population: States and UT
- Decadal growth rate
- National Population Policy
- Density of population
- Literacy
- Literacy in major states
- Literacy rate in India: 1951-2011
- Ranking of States and UTs by 206 literacy rate: 2011
- Gender composition of the Population
- Trends in Sex Ratio in India
- Child sex ratio in age group 0-6 yrs
- Sex ratio of age 7 years and above population
- Old Age People
- Health Indicators
- Settlements and Urbanization
- Rural Settlements
- Factors affecting settlement patterns
- Settlement types
- Urbanization
- Urban Agglomeration / Cities
- Land Resource
- Land-use
- Land capability classification
- Causes of Land Degradation
- Impact of Land Degradation
- Steps taken by GOI
- Sustainable Land Management
- Mineral Resource
- Types of minerals: Metallic minerals
- Non-metallic mineral
- Distribution of minerals and mining regions
- Distribution, production and international trade of Metallic minerals: Ferrous metals: Iron ore
- Ferro-alloys and non-ferrous
- Manganese
- Chromium
- Nickel
- Tungsten
- Antimony
- Copper
- Bauxite and Aluminium
- Zinc; Lead
- Tin
- Gold
- Silver
- Platinum
- Mineral chemicals
- Mica
- Potash
- Phosphate
- Nitrates
- Sulphur
- Conservation of mineral resources
- Energy Resources
- Classification of energy
- Production of conventional energy
- General trends of energy production and consumption
- Reserves and sources of energy
- Coal
- Nature and origin of coal
- Constituents and kinds of coal
- Coal fields and coal production
- Byproducts of coal
- Conservation of Coal
- Petroleum
- Nature and properties of petroleum
- Origin and recovery
- Exploration
- Petroleum refining
- Petroleum reserves
- Producing areas
- Consumption of petroleum
- International trade
- OPEC and its role in oil trade
- Natural gas: Reserves and Production
- Hydro-electricity
- Advantages of hydro-electricity
- Ideal conditions for generation of hydro-electricity
- Distribution of potential hydro-power
- Hydro-electric power generation in India
- Atomic (nuclear) energy
- Atomic: source minerals: Uranium
- World distribution of Uranium
- Production of Uranium
- Thorium
- Production of Atomic (Nuclear) Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Alternative (non-conventional) sources of energy
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Geothermal power
- Tidal energy
- Wave energy
- Biomass energy
- Agriculture Basic Terminologies
- Performance of the agriculture sector
- Types of farming in India
- Dry zone farming
- Organic farming
- Cropping seasons in India
- Cropping Pattern in India
- Agriculture regionalization
- Infrastructure factors: Seeds; Fertilizers; Irrigation
- Land use pattern in India
- Institutional Factors as land reform
- Horticulture sector in India
- Agricultural revolutions
- Agricultural labours
- Price Policy for Agriculture
- Agricultural marketing
- Agricultural Insurance
- Agricultural Census
- Major schemes in agricultural sector
- National Policy for farmers
- Impact of climate change on agriculture
- What is sustainable agriculture?
- Use of IT in agriculture
- Agriculture Issues and Challenges
- Recent Developments in Agriculture Field
- NITI Aayog proposed the idea of taxation of agricultural income
- Removing agricultural commodities from the essential commodities Act: NITI Aayog
- Feminization of Agriculture
- e-auction portal : e-Rakam for selling agricultural produce
- “AGRI-UDAAN” – Food and agri-business acceleration 2.0 to bring startup revolution
- APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act)
- SMAM (Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization)
- Jute-ICARE Project
- Project CHAMAN
- Doubling the farmers income: Ashok Dalwai Committee
- RKVY-RAFTAAR
- Agro Irradiation Centers
- Agricultural Marketing and Farm Friendly Reforms Index
- National Food Security Act
- Digitization and Agriculture
- Direct Benefit Transfer in Fertilizer Sector
- Draft Regulation on Fortification of Foods
- Law Commission Recommendation on Food Laws
- Concept of Modern Terminal Markets
- Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
- e-Pashuhaat Portal
- Schemes of Bio-Tech Kisan and Cattle Genomics
- RashtriyaGokul Mission
- Mission Fingerling
- Ornamental Fishing
- Agricultural Science Congress
- RubSiS
- Ethanol Blending
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
- Amendments to the NABARD Act, 1981
- Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops
- Neem Coating of Urea
- National Agriculture Market
- Productivity of Crops and conditions for growth
- Wheat
- Conditions of growth
- Varieties
- Types of cultivation
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Rice
- Conditions of growth
- Varieties
- Methods of cultivation
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Maize (Corn)
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Barley
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Oats
- Rye
- Beverages
- Tea
- Condition of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Coffee
- Types of coffee
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Cocoa
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Tobacco
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Fibre Crops
- Cotton
- Varieties of cotton
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Jute
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Substitutes of Jute: Flax, Hemp
- Raw Silk
- Production pattern
- States
- Natural Rubber
- Other sources of rubber
- Plantations in South-east Asia
- Production pattern
- Sugarcane
- Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- International trade
- Sugarbeet—Conditions of growth
- Production pattern
- Sugar industry
- Sugar consumption
- International trade.
- Wheat
- Industry
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- Industrial development
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Location of iron and steel industry
- Development of iron manufacture
- Distribution of iron and steel industry
- Global steel production
- International trade in Steel
- Textile Industry
- Cotton Textile Industry: Location of the industry
- Recent trends in localization
- Distribution and production of cotton textiles
- Woollen textile industry: Location of the industry
- Silk textile industry: Raw silk manufacture
- Silk textile manufacturing
- Synthetic (artificial) silk industry
- Distribution of man-made fibre and fabrics
- Engineering Industries
- Machine tools and machines: Areas of production
- Industrial machinery: Textile machinery
- Agricultural machinery
- Manufacturing of transport equipment
- Automobile industry
- Shipbuilding
- Aircrafts Industry
- Fertilizer industry: Nitrogen fertilizers
- Phosphate fertilizers
- Potash fertilizers
- Agro-industries
- Synthetic rubber industry
- Pulp and paper industry: Essential conditions for pulp production
- Production of paper and paper board
- Newsprint
- Cement industry
- Distribution of cement industry
- Recent trends: Main global competitors
- Petroleum refining industry: Localization
- Site selection of petroleum refineries
- History of oil refineries
- World pattern of oil refining
- Petroleum products
- Industrial Regions
- Characteristics of industrial regions
- Delimitation of an industrial region
- Principal intrial regions of the world
- Industrial regions of Anglo America—USA, Canada, Western Europe and Central Britain, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Italy, Eastern Europe, Poland, Former USSR
- Eastern Asia—Japan, China, the ‘Dragons’, India, High tech patterns.
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- Transport
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- Importance and development of transport
- Means of transport
- Transport costs and economic distance
- Operating costs in transport
- Relative importance of means of transport: Railways, Roads, Pipeline, Oceans, Air transport
- Profits and freight rates
- Government’s transport policy
- Ocean transport routes
- Inland waterways
- Main regions of inland waterways
- Railways: Factors affecting the railroads
- Distribution of railroads in the world
- Air transport: Factors influencing air transport
- Air transport in various continents
- Pipeline transport
- Petroleum (oil) pipelines
- Gas pipelines
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- Recent Development in Transport Sector
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- Rural electrifi cation corporation: First green bond
- Time and costs over runs of infrastructure projects
- India’s First Mega Coastal Economic Zone (CEZ) to come up in Maharashtra
- Logistic sector gets infrastructure status
- AIIB approves $150 million for India infrastructure fund
- Ro-Ro Ferry service
- Bharatmala project for construction of 24,000 km of highway connecting Western and Eastern part
- Union Ministry of shipping is planning
to expand Logistics Data Bank (LDB) - Railways India Development Fund
- National Infrastructure Investment Fund
- Defence Innovation Fund
- Flexi Fare Method in Railway
- Rail Cadre Management
- TRI-NETRA in Railways
- National Rail Plan 2030
- India’s First Caterpillar Train
- Green corridor concept
- Made in India ‘Medha’ train
- Antyodaya Express
- Smart Railway Station
- Yatri Mitra Seva
- National Highways Interconnectivity
- Vehicle Fleet Modernization Programme
- Transit Oriented Development Policy
- Logistic Effi ciency Enhancement Programme
- Indian Bridge Management System
- National Road Safety Policy
- TARANG
- E-trans
- DEEP (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Pric
- GARV II APP
- Trading of Energy Saving Certifi cates
- Powers for all 24×7
- Draft National Electricity Plan
- Habitat Commitment Index
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- Recent developments in Industrial Sector
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- Disinvestment of PSUs
- Report titled “India’s Labor Market: A New Emphasis on Gainful Employment
- Wage code Bill in line of recommendations of 2nd National Commission on Labor
- CAR for the operation of Drones in India.
- Draft Evaluation template for the star rating of Minor Minerals
- Online database containing GIS-Enabled portal Maps land related information
- Chennai-Bangalore Industrial Corridor
- Apex Corridor Developmental Authority
- Tamra Portal
- Mining Surveillance System
- Coal Mitra
- M-SIPS for Electronic Sector
- Indian Enterprise Development Service
- Trade Receivables Discounting System
- SME Business Environment Index
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- Continents Countries and Cities
- Continents and Important Cities of the World
- Important Cities Situated on the Banks of Rivers
- Changed Names of Some Cities, States, and Countries
- Distinctive Names of Countries/Towns— Geographical Epithets
- Regional Grouping of Countries of the World
- Economic Classification of Countries of the World
- Location in NEWS
- Govardhan Eco village
- City livability index
- Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat
- Yethinahole Project
- SMARTGRAM
- Kaladan project in Myanmar
- Doklam plateau
- Gilgit-Ballistan
- SCO Summit-Astana
- Bosporus strait
- Nathu-La
- Lisbon
- Mahadayi tribunal
- Jaravas
- Bengaluru declaration
- SASEC road connectivity
- Doklam
- dams bottom trawling
- Hambantota Port
- World Petroleum Congress, Turkey
- Kaleshwaram project
- Mega food park in Kapurthala
- Assam’s disturbed area tag
- North Koel project
- BIMSTEC
- Conservation of Pagodas to Bagan
- Bridge over Mechi River
- Pangong Lake
- World’s most liveable city
- Asia Africa Corridor
- Xiamen declaration
- Sir Creek
- Chakma, Majong Refugees Rohingya
- Cleanest Iconic place Meenakshi temple
- OBOR
- Hambantota
- Chahbahar Port
- Gwadar Port
- National Waterway – 4
- Polavaram project
- UNESCO creative cities network
- Singapore Changi Naval base
- India in Antarctica
- Concept of Resilient Cities
- Sericulture
- Blizzards
- New tectonic plate discovered
- Report on Palaeo Channel of North West India
- Cyclones in News
Physical Geography: World & India (Mains)
- Universe
- Theories of evolution of Universe
- Star Formation
- Formation of planets
- Earth Evolution& Basics
- Evolution of Earth
- Evolution of Atmosphere
- Evolution of Hydrosphere
- Earth’s Geological time scale
- Origin of life
- The Earth’s Movements-Revolution and Rotation and Seasons
- Inclination of the Earth’s Axis and its ffects
- Earth’s Interior
- Sources of Information about the Interior (Direct Sources, Indirect Sources – Earth Quake Wave, Volcanoes)
- Structure of the Earth’s Interior
- Mechanical and Chemical categorization of internal structure
- Geology and Rock System
- Minerals
- Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust
- Physical Characteristics
- Classification –
- Rocks ( Aggregate of Minerals )
- Classification
- Igneous
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
- Rocks & landforms
- Rocks & Soils
- Geomorphic Processes
- Endogenic Forces
- Diastrophism
- Orogenic
- Epierogenic
- Earthquakes
- Plate movements
- Volcanism
- Exogenic Forces
- Denudation Processes
- Weathering & its Significance
- Mass movements & their impact
- Erosion Transportation & Deposition
- Endogenic Forces
- Earthquakes and Volcanism
-
- Earthquakes: Reasons, Distribution & impact
- Volcanism
- Types and distribution of Volcanoes
- Volcanic Landforms (intrusive)
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- Distribution of Continents & Oceans
- Theories
- Continental Drift Theory
- Convectional Current Theory
- Mapping of the Ocean Floor
- Sea Floor Spreading
- Plate Tectonics
- Isostasy
- Theories
- Landforms and their evolution
- Causesof landform development
- Geomorphic Processes
- Geomorphic Agents
- Geomorphic Agents and Landforms
- Running Water
- Development of a river System
- Erosional Landforms
- Depositional Landforms
- Ground Water (Karst Topography)
- Erosional Landforms
- Depositional landforms
- Glaciers
- Erosional Landforms
- Depositional Landforms
- Waves and Currents
- Winds
- Erosional Landforms
- Depositional Landforms
- Landforms across the world
- Rivers and lakes
- Mountain and Peaks
- Plateaus
- Causesof landform development
- Hydrosphere
- Water on the Surface of the Earth
- Hydrological Cycle
- Submarine Relief Features
- Relief of the Ocean floor
- Divisions of the ocean floor
- Minor relief features
- Temperature and Salinity
- Temperature of the Ocean Water
- Factors affecting Temperature distribution
- Horizontal and Vertical Distribution
- Salinity of the Ocean Water
- Factors affecting salinity
- Horizontals distribution of salinity
- Vertical Distribution of salinity
- Density of Ocean Waters
- Movements of Ocean Water
- Factors influencing Movement
- Waves
- Motion of waves
- Characteristics of wave
- Tides
- Types of Tides
- Importance of Tides
- Ocean Currents
- Characteristics of Ocean Currents
- Types of ocean currents:
- Major Ocean currents of the World
- Effects of Ocean Currents
- Marine Resources
- Surface water resources
- Ground water resources
- Inland water resources
- Oceanic Water Resources (Marine Resource)
- Utilization of oceans by man
- Water consumption patterns
- Water Conservation and Management (Techniques)
- Ocean Deposits and Corals
- Terrigenous Deposits
- Volcanic Deposits
- Biotic deposits
- Abiotic Deposits
- Coral Reefs
- Probable origin of Coral Reef
- Types and significance of Coral Reef
- Issue of Coral Bleaching
- Atmosphere
- Composition of the Atmosphere
- Structure of the Atmosphere
- Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
- Solar Radiation and Isolation
- Heating and cooling of atmosphere
- Terrestrial Radiation
- Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
- Temperature
- Factors Controlling Temperature Distribution
- Distribution of Temperature
- Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Vertical variation of pressure
- Horizontal distribution of pressure
- World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure
- Factors affecting the velocity and direction of the Wind
- General Circulation of the Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary Winds
- Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric
Heating - Emergence of Pressure Belts
- Hadley Cell , Ferrel Cell, Polar Cell
- Seasonal Wind
- Local Wind
- Land and Sea Breezes
- Mountain and Valley Winds
- Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
- Air mass & fronts
- Cyclones
- Thunderstorms
- Tornadoes
- Water in the Atmosphere
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-
- Water Vapour
- Humidity – Absolute and Relative
- Saturation – Dew Point
- Evaporation and Condensation
- Dew
- Frost
- Fog & Mist
- Clouds
- Precipitation
- Rainfall
- Snowfall
- Sleet Hail
- Hailstones
- Types of Rainfall
- World Distribution of Rainfall
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- Climatic Zones of the World
- World Climate
- Koeppen’s Scheme of Classification of Climate
- Climatic Zones of World
- Soil & Its Characteristics
- Soil Characteristics
- Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
- Process of Soil Formation
- Soil Profiles and Horizons
- Classification of Soil
- Soil Degradation, Erosion and Conservation
- Vegetation resources
- Types of natural vegetation
- Forests
- Significance of forests
- Factors of forest development
- Classification of forests
- forest cover
- Grasslands
- Desert vegetation
- Tundra Vegetation
- Deforestation
- Conservation of forests
- Reforestation
- Afforestation
- Forestry
- Social forestry
- Agro-forestry
- Farm Forestry
- Community Forestry
- Physiography of India
- Location
- Geopolitical Significance of India
- Geological Divisions
- The Peninsular Block
- The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains
- Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain
- Physiographic Divisions
- Drainage System
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- Drainage Patterns
- Drainage System of India
- Himalayan Drainage System
- River Systems of Himalayan Drainage
- Indus river system
- Ganga River System
- Brahmaputra river system
- Peninsular Drainage System
- River Systems of Peninsular Drainage
- Small Rivers Flowing Towards East and West
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- Climate
- Factors influencing the climate of India
- Monsoon
- Mechanism of the Monsoon
- Classical Theory
- Modern theory
- Air mass theory
- Jet stream theory
- ELNINO and LANINA & their impact
- The rhythm of Seasons
- The cold weather season
- The hot weather season
- The southwest monsoon season
- The retreating monsoon season
- Climatic Regions of India
- Soils in India
-
- Classification of Soils
- Soil textures
- Issue of Soil degradation & Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
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- Natural Vegetation
- Types of Forests in India
- Forest Cover in India
- Forest Conservation
- Forest Problems in India
- Floods and Droughts
- Forest fires
- Deforestation
- Desertification
- Pollution
- Climate Change and Global Warming
Physical Geography: World & India (Mains)
- Definition, Development and scope of Economic Geography
- Type of Economic Activities
- Primary Activities
- Secondary Activities
- Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary Activities
- Recent Themes and Concepts in Economic Geography
- Agglomeration Economies
- Neo-liberalism
- Rise of macro regional Economic block
- Ethnicity in Economic Geography
- Concept of digital divide
- Land Resource
- Land-use Pattern and changes
- Problems of Land Resources:
- Land Degradation: Causes and Impact
- Concept of Land Degradation Neutrality
- Land Use Planning and Policy
- Water Resources
- Extent of Water Resources
- Water Resource Potential of India
- Utilization and related problems (Pollution)
- Inter- state water disputes in India
- Water management, conservation and Development
- National Water Policy
- Mineral Resources
- Types of Mineral Resources
- Distribution Pattern of Minerals in World
- Major Mineral Belts of India
- Problems related to mining
- Conservation of Mineral Resources
- National Mineral Policy, 2019
- Energy resources
- Classification of Energy Resources
- Distribution and production trend of major energy Resources
- Coal
- Petroleum
- Natural gas
- Strategic Oil Reserves
- Exploration of Coal Bed Methane
- Non-Conventional Energy Resources
- Solar Energy
- Wind Energy
- Geothermal
- Nuclear Energy Resources: Challenges and prospects in India
- Recent Debates on Resources
- Geopolitics of Natural Resources
- Globalisation and Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources
- Depletion of natural resources versus Economic Growth
- Changing Pattern of Land Use and Causes
- Water Crisis: Causes, Conflicts and Resolution
- Energy Crisis
- Challenges and constraints faced by coal sector
- Challenges in Hydropower sector
- Renewable Energy: way toward sustainability
- Energy Security: Energy Policy and strategy in India
- Agriculture Basic Terminologies
- Cropping pattern
- Agriculture Productivity
- Agriculture Intensity
- Land capability
- Location of agriculture
- World Agriculture Typologies
- Salient features of Indian Agriculture
- Problems of Indian Agriculture
- Factor Affecting Agriculture
- Geographical factors
- Institutional factors
- Technological factors
- Major Crops and conditions for growth
- Regionalization of Agriculture
- Various Revolutions in Agriculture Sector
- Green Revolution
- Impact of Green Revolution
- Evergreen Revolution
- White Revolution
- Operation Flood
- Blue Revolution
- Green Revolution
- Agricultural Policies and Initiatives
- Minimum Support Price: Benefits and Challenges
- Agriculture Market Produce Committees: Issues
- National Agriculture Market (NAM)
- Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitating) Act (APLM), 2017
- National Livestock Mission
- National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development (NPBBD)
- Rashtriya Gokul Mission
- Agriculture Export Policy, 2018
- Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
- Pradhan Mantri Annadataaay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (Pm-Aasha)
- Operation Greens
- Dairy Processing & Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF)
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).
- Agriculture Census
- Food Security
- Nature of Food Insecurity: Duration, Severity and types
- Trend and Pattern in Food Insecurity
- Causes and Geography of famine
- Key Dimension of food security
- Efforts and Remedies to ensure food security
- Agricultural in Discussion
- Controversy over GM Crops: Benefits and Issues
- Impact of climate Change on Agriculture
- Evergreen Green Revolution for Sustainable Livelihood
- Rainbow Revolution
- Blue Revolution: Impact on Rural Economy
- Climate Smart Agriculture
- Need of Agriculture Diversification
- Mixed farming: Hedging Agriculture Risks
- Problems and Prospects of dry-zone agriculture
- Plantation Agriculture: Issues involved
- Challenges of increasing Agriculture Productivity and Production
- New ‘White Revolution’: Need, Scope and Challenges
- Contract Farming: Benefits and Challenges
- Role of infrastructural and institutional
factors in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture - Impact of advanced agricultural technologies on the Environment
- Soil Health Card scheme and rationalisation of fertilizer subsidies
- Food Security: India’s Vulnerability and way-out
- Classification of Industries
- Factors affecting location of Industries
- Weber’s Model of Industrial Location
- Losch theory of Profit Maximization
- Various Industries: Location, Prospects and Challenges
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Textile Industry
- Jute Industry
- Auto Mobile Industry
- Fertilizer Industry
- Agro-based Industries
- Other Industries
- Industrial Regions and its Characteristics
- Major Industrial Regions of the World
- Industrial Regions of India
- Industrial Policies and Development
- A Scheme for Promotion of Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship
- Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries
- Stand Up India
- Fourth Industrial Revolution
- Role of Industrial development in minimizing regional inequalities
- Problems of Industrial regions
- Factors behind the growth and present location pattern of automobile industry in India
- Pharmaceutical industry: Locational pattern and reasons
- Sugar industry: Problems and challenges of current pattern
- Food Processing Industry: Untapped Potential
- Agro based Industries: Problems and Prospects
- Impact of agro-based industries on cropping pattern
- Tourism: Prospects and Impact on Env
- Land Transport
- Roads
- Classification of roads
- National Highway Grid
- Problems and Prospects
- Bharatmala Pariyojana
- Railways
- Significance and Problems of Indian Railways
- Dedicated Freight Corridors
- Privatisation of Railways
- Pipelines
- Significance, Distribution and Challenges
- Water Transport
- Inland: National Waterways
- Factors affecting Inland waterways
- Significance and Challenges
- Jal Marg Vikas Project
- Seaways and Oceanic Route
- Shipping
- Major Ports of World and India
- Challenges in Port Development
- Sagarmala Project
- Air Transport
- National Airways
- National Civil Aviation Policy
- Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN)
- International Airways
- Communications
- Communication Infrastructure
- National Telecom Policy
- Major Issues in Transport and Communication
- Role of Transport in Regional Development
- Need for holistic transport planning to improve the city’s mobility
- Carbon footprint of the transport sector
- Road Transport: Investment Challenges
- Inland Waterways: Development challenges and prospects
- Ports: Inclusive centres of economic development
- Problem of Pot Development
- Analysis of Sagarmala Project
- Environmental issues of maritime shipping
- Role of Transport in Regional Development
- Eco Tourism: Way toward Responsible Tourism
- Trade
- World Trade Pattern
- Major Oceanic Trade Routes
- Basis of Overseas Trade
- Types of International Trade
- Bilateral Trade
- Multilateral Trade
- Various Organisation Related to International Trade
- Regional Trade Blocks
- Foreign Trade: India
- Trends in India’s Foreign Trade
- Composition Indian Trade
- Direction of India’s Foreign Trade
- Trade Pattern and Policies
- Changing Pattern of India’s foreign trade
- Challenges and prospects of foreign trade of India
- Impact of trade liberalisation on the geographical distribution of industries
- Neo-liberal reforms in Africa: Race of India and China
- National Airways
- Inland: National Waterways
- Roads
DEMOGRAPHY AND CENSUS WORLD & INDIA
- Concept of human resources
- Factors affecting the distribution of Population
- Population growth
- Theories of Population Growth
- Malthusian Theory
- Marxian Theory
- Demographic transition theory
- Optimum Population Theory
- Size, growth rate and distribution of population
- Components of Population growth
- Theories of Population Growth
- Demographic Dividend
- Demographic Window of Opportunity
- Components of Population change
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate (Mortality Rate)
- Migration
- Factors responsible for migration
- Type of Migration
- Issues related to migration
- Migration pattern in world and India
- World Migration Report, 2018
- Population Composition
- Age Sex Pyramids & their significance
- Trends and Pattern in Sex Ratio
- Initiatives to improve Sex ratio
- Trends and Patterns in Literacy
- Government’s Efforts
- Fertility Rate
- Impact of Population Change
- Population Policies
- Need for revision of National Population Policy
- Population problems
- Global Nutrition Report, 2018
- Global Hunger Index
- Rural Settlements
- Classification of Rural Settlements
- Function of Rural Settlements
- Patterns of Rural Settlements
- Changing Pattern of Rural Settlements
- Urban Settlements
- Origin of Urban Settlements- Functional Classification of Towns
- Urbanization
- Indian Mega Cities
- Central Place Theory
- Primate City
- Morphology of Indian Cities
- Conurbations
- Urban Slums
- Rural Urban Fringe
- Rural Urban Continuum
- Issues related to Urbanization in India
- Habitat – III Conference
- Schemes
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana or Housing for All Scheme
- Smart City Initiative
- AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
- HRIDAY (Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana)
REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
- Concept of Region
- Types of Regions
- Issues of Regional Imbalances
- Strategies for Regional Development
- Growth v/s Development
- Approaches to Human Development
- Human Development Index
- International comparisons of Human Development
- World Development Report, 2019
- Human Development Report
