GS MICRO TOPICS

Share on facebook
Facebook
Share on twitter
Twitter
Share on linkedin
LinkedIn
Share on whatsapp
WhatsApp

:: GEOGRAPHY ::

Geography (Prelims)

GENERAL GEOGRAPHY

  • Universe
    • Theories of development of Universe
    • Galaxy
    • Star formation
    • Planet formation
    • Solar system
    • Moon
    • Asteroid
    • Meteor
    • Kupier belt
    • Comets
    • Dwarf planets
  • Earth Evolution
    • Geological History of Earth
    • Evolution of the Earth Layered Structure
      • Evolution of Lithosphere
      • Evolution of Atmosphere
      • Evolution of Hydrosphere
    • Latitude and Longitude including important Parallels and Meridians
    • Motions of the Earth – Rotation, Revolution and their effects
    • Inclination of the Earth’s Axis and its effects
    • Time Zones, Local and Standard Time and the International Date Line, Calendar
    • Eclipses – Solar, Lunar
    • Earth’s magnetic field
    • Earth’s Geological time scale
    • ORIGIN of LIFE

GEOMORPHOLOGY

  • Earth’s Interior
    • Interior of the Earth
      • Crust
      • Mantle
      • Core
    • Sources of Information
      • Direct
      • Indirect – Earth Quake Waves Volcanoes    
    • Theories – Suess Theory
  • Geology and Rock system
    • Minerals
    • Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust
      • Minerals – Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxene Amphibole, Mica , Olivine
      • Physical Characteristics–Crystal Form, Cleavage Fracture, Lusture, Color, Streak
      • Transparency, Structure, Hardness, Specific Gravity
      • Metallic minerals – precious Ferrous, Non Ferrous
      • Non-metallic Minerals – Sulphur, Phosphates, Cement
    • Rocks (Aggregate of Minerals)
      • Petrology
      • Rocks & landforms
      • Rocks & Soils
      • 3 Family of Rocks
      • Igneous
      • Sedimentary
      • Metamorphic
  • Geomorphic Processes
    • Earth’s Surface
      • Exogenic Forces
      • Endogenic Forces
      • Gradation , Degradation & Agradation
    • Endogenic Forces
      • Diastrophism
      • Orogenic
      • Epierogenic
      • Earthquakes
      • Plate movements
      • Volcanism
    • Exogenic Forces
      • Denudation Processes
      • Weathering
      • Mass movements
      • Erosion Transportation & Deposition
  • Earthquakes and Volcanism
    • Earthquakes
      • Waves: P,S, Body, Surface,
      • Shadow Zone
      • Types of Earthquakes
      • Effects
      • Frequency
      • Locating an Epicentre
    • Volcanism
      • Types
        • Shield
        • Composite
        • Caldera
        • Flood Basalt
        • Mid Ocean Ridge
      • Landforms (intrusive)
        • Batholiths
        • Lacoliths
        • Lopoliths
        • Phacoliths
        • Sills
        • Dykes
  • Distribution of Continents & Oceans
    • Theories
    • Continental Drift Theory
      • Alfred Wegner
      • Pangea, Panthalasa
      • Laurasia, Gondwanaland
    • Evidence in support of Continental Drift Theory
      • Jigsaw Fit
      • Rocks of Same age across oceans
      • Tillite
      • Placer Deposits
      • Distribution of Fossils
    • Isostacy
    • Sea Floor Spreading
    • Forces of Drifting
      • Pole Fleeing Force
      • Tidal Force
    • Post Drift Studies
    • Convectional Current Theory
    • Mapping of the Ocean Floor
    • Plate Tectonics
      • Lithospheric Plates – Major Plate – Minor Plates
    • Plate Boundaries – Divergent – Convergent – Transform
    • Rates of Plate Movements
    • Force of plate movement
    • Indian Plate
  • Landforms and their evolution
    • Causes
      • Geomorphic Processes
      • Geomorphic Agents
    • Geomorphic Agent
      • Erosional or Destructional
      • Depositional or Constructional
    • Agents and their Impacts – Wind, Running Water, Ground Water, Glaciers, Waves & Currents
    • Winds
      • As agents in Hot deserts
      • Cause – Deflation Abrasion Impact
      • Erosional landforms
        • Pediments and Pediplains
        • Playas
        • Deflation Hollows and Caves
        • Mushroom , Table & Pedestal Rocks
    • Depositional Landforms
      • Barchans
      • Seif
      • Parabolic
      • Transverse
      • Longitudinal
    • Running Water
      • Erosional Landforms
        • Valleys
          • Rills
          • Gullies
          • Valleys – V Shape , Gorge (Hard Rocks), Canyon (Sedimentary)
        • Potholes & Plunge pools
        • Incised or entrenched meanders
        • River Terraces – paired & unpaired
      • Depositional Landforms
        • Alluvial Fans
        • Delta
        • Flood plains, Natural Levees, Point Bars
        • Meansders, Slip off bank, Under cut bank
        • Oxbow lake
        • Braided Channels
    • Ground Water (Karst Topography)
      • Permeable Rocks
        • Percolation
        • Bedding Plains
    • Limestone and Dolomite Regions
      • Balkans , Adjacent to Adriatic regions
    • Erosional Landforms
      • Pools – Swallow Hole, Valley Sinks (Uvalas), Sinkholes, Collapse sinks (Dolines), Lapies, Ridges, Limestone Pavements
      • Caves – Altering bed of Rocks (Shale sandstone quartzit, Caves and Tunnels
    • Depositional landforms
      • Stalactites
      • Stalagmites
      • Pillar Columns
    • Glaciers
      • Erosional Landforms
        • Cirque of Tarn Lakes
        • Hors and Serrated Regions – Arete
        • Glacial Valleys / Troughs – Fiords
      • Depositional Landforms
        • Glacial Tills
        • Moraines
        • Eskers
        • Outwash Planes
        • Drumlins
    • Waves and Currents
      • High Rocky Coasts &
        Low Sedimentary Coasts
      • Erosional Landforms
        • Cliffs
        • Terraces
        • Caves
        • Stacks
      • Depositional Landforms
        • Beaches and Dunes
        • Bars, Barriers, Spits
    • Weathering
      • Factors
        • Geological
        • Climatic
        • Topograhic
        • Vegetative
      • Major Processes
        • Chemical
        • Physical or Mechanical
        • Biological
      • Chemical – Forces Chemical Action
        • Solution
        • Carbonation
        • Hydration
        • Oxidation & Reduction
      • Physical Forces Gravitational, Expansion, Water Pressure
        • Unloading & Expansion
        • Temperature changes and Expansion
        • Freezing, Thawing, & Frost Wedging
        • Salt Weathering
    • Biological Weathering
      • Burrowing
      • Wedging
      • Plant Roots
    • Effects of Weathering
      • Exfoliation (Flakin) – Exfoliation Domes
    • Significance of Weathering
      • Soil Formation
      • Biomes and Biodiversity
      • Leaching / Enrichment
    • Mass Movements
      • Activating causes
      • Forms of movement – Heave Flow Slide
  • Landforms across the world
    • Rivers and lakes (Factual)
    • Mountain and Peaks (Factual)
    • Plateaus (Factual)

OCEANOGRAPHY

  • Hydroshpere
    • Water on the Surface of the Earth
    • Hydrological Cycle
      • Component
      • Processes
  • Submarine Relief Features
    • Oceans
    • Relief of the Ocean floor
    • Divisions of the ocean floor
      • Continental Shelf
      • Continental Slope
      • Deep sea plain
      • Oceanic deep and Trenches
  • Minor relief features
    • Mid oceanic ridges
    • Seamount
    • Submarine canyons
    • Guyouts
    • Volcanic Islands
    • Fracture Zones
    • Hotspots
    • Coral Islands
    • Atoll
  • Temperature and Salinity
    • Temperature of the Ocean Water
      • Vertical
      • Spatial
      • Factors affecting Temperature distribution
        • Latitude
        • Unequal distribution of land & Water
        • Prevailing wind
        • Ocean Currents
        • Horizontal & Vertical Distribution
  • Salinity of the Ocean Water
    • Factors affecting salinity
      • Evaporation and precipitation
      • Fresh water flow from rivers
      • Ocean currents
        • Horizontals distribution of salinity
        • Vertical Distribution of salinity
    • Density of Ocean Waters
  • Waves, Ocean Currents, Tides
    • Movements of ocean Water                
    • Factors influencing Movement
      • Temperature
      • Salinity
      • Density
    • Motion – Horizontal and Vertical Currents
    • Waves
      • Motion of waves and water molecules
      • Characteristics of wave
      • Crest and Trough
      • Height
      • Amplitude
      • Period
      • Length
      • Speed
      • Frequency
    • Tides
      • Relation between Gravitational Forces and Tides
      • Tidal currents
      • Types of Tides
        • Based on Frequency – Semi Diurnal, Diurnal, mixed
        • Based on SME position – spring and Neap Tides
      • Importance of Tides
    • Ocean Currents
      • Primary Force that initiates the movement
        • Heating of solar energy
        • Wind
        • Gravity
        • Coriolis force
      • Secondary force that influence the currents to flow
      • Types of ocean currents:
        • Surface currents & Deep water currents based on Depth
        • Cold and Warm Currents based on Temperature
      • Major Ocean currents of the World
      • Effects of Ocean Currents
  • Marine Resources
    • Underground water resource
    • Surface water resources
    • Inland water resources: Utilization of inland water resources
    • Oceanic Water Resources (Marine Resource)
    • Utilization of oceans by man
    • Water consumption patterns
    • Conservation of Water Resources
    • Techniques of Water Conservation
  • Ocean Deposits and Corals
    • Terrigenous Deposits
    • Volcanic Deposits
    • Biotic deposits
      • Neritic
      • Pelagic ( Calcereous , Siliceous )
    • Abiotic Deposits
    • Coral Reefs
    • Great Barrier Reef

CLIMATOLOGY

  • Atmosphere
    • Composition
    • Gases
    • Water Vapour
    • Dust Particles
    • Structure
    • Exosphere
    • Thermosphere
    • Mesosphere
    • Stratosphere
    • Troposphere
    • Altitude vs. Temperature
  • Inversion of Temperature
    • Temperature
    • Factors controlling Temp distribution
    • Distribution of Temp Month of January-July
    • Range of Temp Month of January-July
    • Inversion of Temperature
  • Insolation and Heat Budget
    • Solar Radiation Heat Balance Temperature Insolation
    • Aphelion and Perihelion
    • Variability of Insolation at the surface of the Earth
      • Day Season Year
      • Rotation on Axis, Angle of Inclination of sun rays, Length of the day
      • Transparency of Atmosphere, configuration of land in terms of its aspect.
    • Heat Balance
    • Heating and cooling of atmosphere
      • Conduction
      • Convection
      • Advection
    • Terrestrial Radiation
    • Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
    • Macro Budget
      • Albedo
      • Shortwave Radiation
      • Long wave Earth Radiation
    • Variation in the net Heat Budget at the Earth’s Surface
  • Winds and Pressure belts
    • Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
    • Atmospheric Pressure
    • Vertical variation of pressure
    • Horizontal distribution of pressure
    • World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure
    • Factors affecting the velocity and direction of the Wind
    • Pressure Gradient Force
    • Frictional Force
    • Coriolis Force
    • Pressure and Wind (Cyclonic & Anticyclone Circulation)
    • General Circulation of the Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary Winds
    • Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric Heating
    • Emergence of Pressure Belts
    • Migration of Belts Following apparent Path of Sun
    • Distribution of continents & Oceans
    • Rotation of the Earth
    • Circulation
    • Simplified Global Circulation – Hadley Cell , Ferrel Cell
    • Seasonal Wind
    • Local Wind
    • Land and Sea Breezes
    • Mountain and Valley Winds
  • Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
    • Air mass & fronts
    • Cyclones
    • Thunderstorms
    • Tornadoes
    • Monsoons
    • Fronts
  • Precipitation
    • Water in the Atmosphere
    • Water Vapour
    • Precipitation
    • Humidity – Absolute and Relative
    • Saturation – Dew Point
    • Evaporation and Condensation
    • Dew
    • Frost
    • Fog & Mist
    • Clouds
      • Types – Cirrus, Cumulus, Stratus, Nimbus
      • High – Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus
      • Middle – Altostratus, Altocumulus
      • Low – Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus
    • Vertical Development – Cumulus and Cumulonimbus
    • Precipitation
    • Rainfall, Snowfall, Sleet Hail, Hailstones
    • Types of Rainfall
    • Conventional
    • Orographic
    • Cyclonic
    • World Distribution of Rainfall
  • Climatic Zones of the World
    • Koppene’s Classification Climatic Zones
    • World Climate
    • The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate
    • The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates
    • The Savanna or Sudan Climate
    • The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Climates
    • The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate
    • The Temperate Continental (Steppe Climate)
    • The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin  (China Type Climate)
    • The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type Climate)
    • The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate
    • The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Lauren-tian) Climate
    • The Arctic or Polar Climate

BIO-GEOGRAPHY

  • Soil Characteristics
    • Soil Characteristics
    • Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
    • Stages of Soil Formation
    • Soil Forming Processes
    • Soil Profiles and Horizons
    • Soil Classification
    • Soil Erosion and Conservation
  • Vegetation resources
    • Types of natural vegetation
    • Forests
    • Significance of forests
    • Economic significance, Ecological significance
    • Cultural significance
    • Factors of forest development
    • Extent of forest cover
    • Classification of forests
    • Grasslands
    • Desert vegetation
    • Tundra Vegetation
    • Economic utilization of forests
    • Deforestation
    • Deforestation in tropical forests
    • Deforestation in temperate forests
    • Rate and extent of deforestation
    • Causes and factors of deforestation: Immediate causes of deforestation
    • Indirect deforestation
    • Underlying causes of deforestation
    • Conservation of forests
    • Forest conservation strategies
    • Reforestation
    • Monoculture plantation
    • Afforestation
    • Types of forestry
    • Social forestry
    • Agro-forestry

HUMAN AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD

  • Demography and Census
    • Concept of human resources
    • Factors affecting the distribution of Population
      • Geographical Factors
        • Availability of water
        • Landforms
        • Climate
        • Soils
      • Economic Factors
        • Minerals
        • Urbanisation
        • Industrialisation
        • Socio-cultural factors
    • Population Growth
        • Growth of Population
        • Growth Rate of Population
        • Natural growth of Population
        • Positive Growth of Population
        • Negative Growth of Population
    • Components of Population change
      • Crude Birth Rate
      • Crude Death Rate
      • Migration – Place of Origin and Place of Destination
      • Immigration
      • Emigration
      • Push Factors and Pull Factors
    • Trends in Population Growth
    • Doubling time of world population
    • Spatial pattern of Population change
    • Impact of Population Change
    • Demographic Transition
      • Demographic Transition Theory
      • Demographic Cycle
    • Theories of population growth
      • Malthusian theory
      • Marxian theory
      • Demographic Transition Theory
      • Optimum population
      • Over-population
      • Under-population
    • Population Control Measures
    • World population distribution, Density and Growth
      • Continent-wide distribution of population
      • Pattern of population density globally
      • Population increase in the world
    • Population Composition
        • Sex composition
          • Sex Ratio
          • Natural Advantage vs Social Advantage
        • Age Structure
          • Age – sex Pyramid
          • Expanding Populations
          • Constant Population
          • Declining Popoulation
        • Literacy – literacy Rate
        • Rural Urban Composition
        • Occupational Structure
        • Religion based Composition
    • Population problems
      • Population problems of developing countries
      • Population problems of developed countries
      • Population Policies: of China, of India
    • Census 2011
      • Census Terminologies
      • Census of India important information
  • Human Development
    • Growth vs Development
    • The four pillars of Development
      • Equity
      • Sustainability
      • Productivity
      • Empowerment
    • Approaches to Human Development
    • Measuring Human Development
      • Income Approach
      • Welfare Approach
      • Basic Needs Approach
      • Capability Approach
    • Internation Comparisions of Human Development
  • Economic Activities
    • Primary Activities
      • Hunting and Gathering Pastoralism
      • Nomadic Herding
      • Commercial livestock Rearing
      • Agriculture
        • Subsistence Agriculture
        • Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
        • Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
        • Planation Agriculture
        • Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
        • Mixed Farming
        • Dairy Farming
        • Mediterranean Agriculture
        • Viticulture
        • Market Gardening and Horticulture – Truck Farming
        • Cooperative Farming
        • Collective Farming
      • Mining
        • Factors affecting Mining
        • Methods of Mining – Open Cast and underground mining
    • Secondary Activities
      • Manufacturing
      • Characteristics of Modern large scale Manufacturing
      • Specialisation of Skills/ methods of Production, Mechanisation  – Technological Innovation 
      • Access to market, Access to labour Supply, Access to Sources of Energy, Access to Transportaion and communication Facilities
      • Government Policy
    • Classification of Manufacturing Industries
      • Industries based on size
        • Small Scale manufacturing
        • Large Scale manufacturing
      • Industries based on Inputs/Raw Materials
        • Agro Based industries
        • Mineral Based Industries
        • Chemical based Industries
        • Forest based Raw material using industries
        • Animal Based industries
      • Industries based on Output/Product
      • Industries based on ownership
    • Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary Activities                
      • Types of Tertiary Activities
        • Retail trading
        • Trade and commerce
        • Wholesale Trading
        • Transport
        • Communication
        • Services
      • People engaged in tertiary Activities
        • Tourism
        • Medical Services
        • Quaternary Activities
        • Quinary Activities
      • Concept of Digital Divide
  • Transport and Communication
    • Transport
      • Modes of Transportation
      • Land Transport
      • Roads
      • Railways
      • Water Transport
      • Sea Routes
      • Inland Waterways
      • Air Transport
      • Pipelines
    • Communications
      • Satellite communication
      • Cyber space internet
  • International Trade
    • History of international Trade
    • Basis of International Trade
      • Difference in national resources
      • Population Factors
      • Stage of Economic Development
      • Extent of Foreign Investment
      • Transport
    • Important aspects of International Trade
      • Volume of Trade
      • Composition of Trade
      • Direction of Trade
      • Balance of Trade
    • Types of International Trade
    • Case of Free Trade
    • WTO – World Trade Organisation and Regional Trade Blocs
    • Gateways of International Trade
      • Ports
      • Industrial Ports
      • Commercial Ports
      • Comprehensive Ports
      • Inland Ports
      • Out Ports
      • Oil Ports
      • Port of call
      • Packet station
      • Entrepot Ports
      • Naval Ports
  • Settlement
    • Types and Patterns of settlements
      • Compact of Nucleated Settlements
      • Dispersed settlement
    • Rural Settlements                                   
      • Factors affecting location of rural settlements
      • Patterns of Rural settlements
    • Urban Settlements
      • Classification of Urban Settlements
      • Factors affecting location of rural settlements
      • Functions of Urban Centre
      • Classification of Towns on the basis of Forms
      • Types of Urban Settlements
        • Town, City, Conurbation, Megalopolis, Million City
    • Issues of Urbanization in India
    • Rural Urban Migration
    • Emergence of Slums
    • Inclusive Cities/Smart cities

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

  • Physiography of India
    • Geological Region
    • Location
    • Physiographic Sub-Units
      • Himalayans
      • Northern Plains
      • Peninsular Plateau
      • Thar Desert
      • Coastal Plain
      • The Islands
    • Mountain System
      • Classification of The Himalayan System
      • Regional Division of the Himalaya
    • The Peninsular – Peninsular Plateaus
    • Plains – Northern Plains of India          
    • Lakes
    • Deserts
    • Indian Coasts and Islands
  • Drainage System
    • Classification of Drainage
    • Himalayan Drainage
    • Indus river system
    • Indus drainage system
    • Ganga River System
    • Brahmaputra river system
    • Peninsular River System
    • East flowing Rivers
    • West flowing Rivers
    • Mains Rivers and their tributaries
    • Famous cities and river banks
  • Climate
    • Factors influencing the climate of India
    • Monsoon
    • Mechanism of the Monsoon
      • Classical Theory
      • Modern theory
      • Air mass theory
      • Jet stream theory
    • EL NINO and LA NINA
    • Seasonal rhythm
    • Koppen’s Climatic classification
    • Indian Droughts and Floods
  • Soils in India
    • Soil Acidity
    • Soil textures
    • Minerals of Soil
    • Soil Erosion
    • Soil Conservation
  • Natural Vegetation
    • Vegetation
    • Mangroves
    • Distribution of Forest Area
    • Forest Problems in India
  • Population
    • Size, growth rate and distribution of population
    • India in World Population
    • Demographic transition
    • Census in India
    • Ranking of States and Union
    • Territories by population: 2001 & 2011
    • Population Growth Rates
    • Population: States and UT
    • Decadal growth rate
    • National Population Policy                   
    • Density of population
    • Literacy
    • Literacy in major states
    • Literacy rate in India: 1951-2011
    • Ranking of States and UTs by 206 literacy rate: 2011
    • Gender composition of the Population
    • Trends in Sex Ratio in India
    • Child sex ratio in age group 0-6 yrs
    • Sex ratio of age 7 years and above population
    • Old Age People
    • Health Indicators
  • Settlements and Urbanization
    • Rural Settlements
    • Factors affecting settlement patterns
    • Settlement types
    • Urbanization
    • Urban Agglomeration / Cities
  • Land Resource
    • Land-use
    • Land capability classification
    • Causes of Land Degradation
    • Impact of Land Degradation
    • Steps taken by GOI
    • Sustainable Land Management
  • Mineral Resource
    • Types of minerals: Metallic minerals
    • Non-metallic mineral
    • Distribution of minerals and mining regions
    • Distribution, production and international trade of Metallic minerals: Ferrous metals: Iron ore
    • Ferro-alloys and non-ferrous
    • Manganese
    • Chromium
    • Nickel
    • Tungsten
    • Antimony
    • Copper
    • Bauxite and Aluminium
    • Zinc; Lead
    • Tin
    • Gold
    • Silver
    • Platinum
    • Mineral chemicals
    • Mica
    • Potash
    • Phosphate
    • Nitrates
    • Sulphur
    • Conservation of mineral resources
  • Energy Resources
    • Classification of energy
    • Production of conventional energy
    • General trends of energy production and consumption
    • Reserves and sources of energy
    • Coal
    • Nature and origin of coal
    • Constituents and kinds of coal
    • Coal fields and coal production
    • Byproducts of coal
    • Conservation of Coal
    • Petroleum
    • Nature and properties of petroleum
    • Origin and recovery
    • Exploration
    • Petroleum refining
    • Petroleum reserves
    • Producing areas
    • Consumption of petroleum
    • International trade
    • OPEC and its role in oil trade
    • Natural gas: Reserves and Production
    • Hydro-electricity
    • Advantages of hydro-electricity
    • Ideal conditions for generation of hydro-electricity
    • Distribution of potential hydro-power
    • Hydro-electric power generation in India
    • Atomic (nuclear) energy
    • Atomic: source minerals: Uranium
    • World distribution of Uranium
    • Production of Uranium
    • Thorium
    • Production of Atomic (Nuclear) Energy
    • Nuclear Energy
    • Alternative (non-conventional) sources of energy
    • Solar energy
    • Wind energy
    • Geothermal power
    • Tidal energy
    • Wave energy
    • Biomass energy
  • Agriculture Basic Terminologies
    • Performance of the agriculture sector
    • Types of farming in India
    • Dry zone farming
    • Organic farming
    • Cropping seasons in India
    • Cropping Pattern in India
    • Agriculture regionalization
    • Infrastructure factors: Seeds; Fertilizers; Irrigation
    • Land use pattern in India
    • Institutional Factors as land reform
    • Horticulture sector in India
    • Agricultural revolutions
    • Agricultural labours
    • Price Policy for Agriculture
    • Agricultural marketing
    • Agricultural Insurance
    • Agricultural Census
    • Major schemes in agricultural sector
    • National Policy for farmers
    • Impact of climate change on agriculture
    • What is sustainable agriculture?
    • Use of IT in agriculture
    • Agriculture Issues and Challenges
  • Recent Developments in Agriculture Field
    • NITI Aayog proposed the idea of taxation of agricultural income
    • Removing agricultural commodities from the essential commodities Act: NITI Aayog
    • Feminization of Agriculture
    • e-auction portal : e-Rakam for selling agricultural produce
    • “AGRI-UDAAN” – Food and agri-business acceleration 2.0 to bring startup revolution
    • APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food  Products Export Development Authority Act)
    • SMAM (Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization)
    • Jute-ICARE Project
    • Project CHAMAN
    • Doubling the farmers income: Ashok Dalwai Committee
    • RKVY-RAFTAAR
    • Agro Irradiation Centers
    • Agricultural Marketing and Farm Friendly Reforms Index
    • National Food Security Act
    • Digitization and Agriculture
    • Direct Benefit Transfer in Fertilizer Sector
    • Draft Regulation on Fortification of Foods
    • Law Commission Recommendation on Food Laws
    • Concept of Modern Terminal Markets
    • Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
    • e-Pashuhaat Portal
    • Schemes of Bio-Tech Kisan and Cattle Genomics
    • RashtriyaGokul Mission
    • Mission Fingerling
    • Ornamental Fishing
    • Agricultural Science Congress
    • RubSiS
    • Ethanol Blending
    • National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
    • Amendments to the NABARD Act, 1981
    • Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops
    • Neem Coating of Urea
    • National Agriculture Market
  • Productivity of Crops and conditions for growth
    • Wheat
      • Conditions of growth
      • Varieties
      • Types of cultivation
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Rice
      • Conditions of growth
      • Varieties
      • Methods of cultivation
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Maize (Corn)
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Barley
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Oats
    • Rye
    • Beverages
    • Tea
      • Condition of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Coffee
      • Types of coffee
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Cocoa
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Tobacco
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Fibre Crops
    • Cotton
      • Varieties of cotton
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Jute
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
    • Substitutes of Jute: Flax, Hemp
      • Raw Silk
      • Production pattern
    • States
    • Natural Rubber
      • Other sources of rubber
      • Plantations in South-east Asia
      • Production pattern
    • Sugarcane
      • Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • International trade
      • Sugarbeet—Conditions of growth
      • Production pattern
      • Sugar industry
      • Sugar consumption
      • International trade.
  • Industry
      • Industrial development
      • Iron and Steel Industry
      • Location of iron and steel industry
      • Development of iron manufacture
      • Distribution of iron and steel industry
      • Global steel production
      • International trade in Steel
      • Textile Industry
      • Cotton Textile Industry: Location of the industry
      • Recent trends in localization
      • Distribution and production of cotton textiles
      • Woollen textile industry: Location of the industry
      • Silk textile industry: Raw silk manufacture
      • Silk textile manufacturing
      • Synthetic (artificial) silk industry
      • Distribution of man-made fibre and fabrics
      • Engineering Industries
      • Machine tools and machines: Areas of production
      • Industrial machinery: Textile machinery
      • Agricultural machinery
      • Manufacturing of transport equipment
      • Automobile industry
      • Shipbuilding
      • Aircrafts Industry
      • Fertilizer industry: Nitrogen fertilizers
      • Phosphate fertilizers
      • Potash fertilizers
      • Agro-industries
      • Synthetic rubber industry
      • Pulp and paper industry: Essential conditions for pulp production
      • Production of paper and paper board
      • Newsprint
      • Cement industry
      • Distribution of cement industry
      • Recent trends: Main global competitors
      • Petroleum refining industry: Localization
      • Site selection of petroleum refineries
      • History of oil refineries
      • World pattern of oil refining
      • Petroleum products
      • Industrial Regions
      • Characteristics of industrial regions
      • Delimitation of an industrial region
      • Principal intrial regions of the world
      • Industrial regions of Anglo America—USA, Canada, Western Europe and Central Britain, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Italy, Eastern Europe, Poland, Former USSR
      • Eastern Asia—Japan, China, the ‘Dragons’, India, High tech patterns.
  • Transport
      • Importance and development of transport
      • Means of transport
      • Transport costs and economic distance
      • Operating costs in transport
      • Relative importance of means of transport: Railways, Roads, Pipeline, Oceans, Air transport
      • Profits and freight rates
      • Government’s transport policy
      • Ocean transport routes
      • Inland waterways
      • Main regions of inland waterways
      • Railways: Factors affecting the railroads
      • Distribution of railroads in the world
      • Air transport: Factors influencing air transport
      • Air transport in various continents
      • Pipeline transport
      • Petroleum (oil) pipelines
      • Gas pipelines
  • Recent Development in Transport Sector
      • Rural electrifi cation corporation: First green bond
      • Time and costs over runs of infrastructure projects
      • India’s First Mega Coastal Economic Zone (CEZ) to come up in Maharashtra
      • Logistic sector gets infrastructure status
      • AIIB approves $150 million for India infrastructure fund
      • Ro-Ro Ferry service
      • Bharatmala project for construction of 24,000 km of highway connecting Western and Eastern part
      • Union Ministry of shipping is planning
        to expand Logistics Data Bank (LDB)
      • Railways India Development Fund
      • National Infrastructure Investment Fund
      • Defence Innovation Fund
      • Flexi Fare Method in Railway
      • Rail Cadre Management
      • TRI-NETRA in Railways
      • National Rail Plan 2030
      • India’s First Caterpillar Train
      • Green corridor concept
      • Made in India ‘Medha’ train
      • Antyodaya Express
      • Smart Railway Station
      • Yatri Mitra Seva
      • National Highways Interconnectivity
      • Vehicle Fleet Modernization Programme
      • Transit Oriented Development Policy
      • Logistic Effi ciency Enhancement Programme
      • Indian Bridge Management System
      • National Road Safety Policy
      • TARANG
      • E-trans
      • DEEP (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Pric
      • GARV II APP
      • Trading of Energy Saving Certifi cates
      • Powers for all 24×7
      • Draft National Electricity Plan
      • Habitat Commitment Index
  • Recent developments in Industrial Sector
      • Disinvestment of PSUs
      • Report titled “India’s Labor Market: A New Emphasis on Gainful Employment
      • Wage code Bill in line of recommendations of 2nd National Commission on Labor
      • CAR for the operation of Drones in India.
      • Draft Evaluation template for the star rating of Minor Minerals
      • Online database containing GIS-Enabled portal Maps land related information
      • Chennai-Bangalore Industrial Corridor
      • Apex Corridor Developmental Authority
      • Tamra Portal
      • Mining Surveillance System
      • Coal Mitra
      • M-SIPS for Electronic Sector
      • Indian Enterprise Development Service
      • Trade Receivables Discounting System
      • SME Business Environment Index

WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

  • Continents Countries and Cities
    • Continents and Important Cities of the World
    • Important Cities Situated on the Banks of Rivers
    • Changed Names of Some Cities, States, and Countries
    • Distinctive Names of Countries/Towns— Geographical Epithets
    • Regional Grouping of Countries of the World
    • Economic Classification of Countries of the World
  • Location in NEWS
    • Govardhan Eco village
    • City livability index
    • Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat
    • Yethinahole Project
    • SMARTGRAM
    • Kaladan project in Myanmar
    • Doklam plateau
    • Gilgit-Ballistan
    • SCO Summit-Astana
    • Bosporus strait
    • Nathu-La
    • Lisbon
    • Mahadayi tribunal
    • Jaravas
    • Bengaluru declaration
    • SASEC road connectivity
    • Doklam
    • dams bottom trawling
    • Hambantota Port
    • World Petroleum Congress, Turkey
    • Kaleshwaram project
    • Mega food park in Kapurthala
    • Assam’s disturbed area tag
    • North Koel project
    • BIMSTEC
    • Conservation of Pagodas to Bagan
    • Bridge over Mechi River
    • Pangong Lake
    • World’s most liveable city
    • Asia Africa Corridor
    • Xiamen declaration
    • Sir Creek
    • Chakma, Majong Refugees Rohingya
    • Cleanest Iconic place Meenakshi temple
    • OBOR
    • Hambantota
    • Chahbahar Port
    • Gwadar Port
    • National Waterway – 4
    • Polavaram project
    • UNESCO creative cities network
    • Singapore Changi Naval base
    • India in Antarctica
    • Concept of Resilient Cities
    • Sericulture
    • Blizzards
    • New tectonic plate discovered
    • Report on Palaeo Channel of North West India
    • Cyclones in News

Physical Geography: World & India (Mains)

GENERAL GEOGRAPHY

  • Universe
    • Theories of evolution of Universe
    • Star Formation
    • Formation of planets
  • Earth Evolution& Basics
    • Evolution of Earth
    • Evolution of Atmosphere
    • Evolution of Hydrosphere
    • Earth’s Geological time scale
    • Origin of life
    • The Earth’s Movements-Revolution and Rotation and Seasons
    • Inclination of the Earth’s Axis and its ffects

GEOMORPHOLOGY

  • Earth’s Interior
    • Sources of Information about the Interior (Direct Sources, Indirect Sources – Earth Quake Wave, Volcanoes)                                
    • Structure of the Earth’s Interior
    • Mechanical and Chemical categorization of internal structure
  • Geology and Rock System
    • Minerals
    • Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust
      • Physical Characteristics
      • Classification –
    • Rocks ( Aggregate of Minerals )
      • Classification
      • Igneous
      • Sedimentary
      • Metamorphic
    • Rocks & landforms
    • Rocks & Soils
  • Geomorphic Processes
    • Endogenic Forces
      • Diastrophism
      • Orogenic
      • Epierogenic
      • Earthquakes
      • Plate movements
      • Volcanism
    • Exogenic Forces
      • Denudation Processes
      • Weathering & its Significance
      • Mass movements & their impact
      • Erosion Transportation & Deposition
  • Earthquakes and Volcanism
      • Earthquakes: Reasons, Distribution & impact
      • Volcanism
        • Types and distribution of Volcanoes
        • Volcanic Landforms (intrusive)
  • Distribution of Continents & Oceans
    • Theories
      • Continental Drift Theory
      • Convectional Current Theory
      • Mapping of the Ocean Floor
      • Sea Floor Spreading
      • Plate Tectonics
    • Isostasy
  • Landforms and their evolution
    • Causesof landform development
      • Geomorphic Processes
      • Geomorphic Agents
    • Geomorphic Agents and Landforms
      • Running Water
      • Development of a river System
      • Erosional Landforms
      • Depositional Landforms
    • Ground Water (Karst Topography)
      • Erosional Landforms
      • Depositional landforms
    • Glaciers
      • Erosional Landforms
      • Depositional Landforms
    • Waves and Currents
    • Winds
      • Erosional Landforms
      • Depositional Landforms
    • Landforms across the world
      • Rivers and lakes
      • Mountain and Peaks
      • Plateaus

OCEANOGRAPHY

  • Hydrosphere
    • Water on the Surface of the Earth
    • Hydrological Cycle
  • Submarine Relief Features
    • Relief of the Ocean floor
    • Divisions of the ocean floor
    • Minor relief features
  • Temperature and Salinity
    • Temperature of the Ocean Water
    • Factors affecting Temperature distribution
    • Horizontal and Vertical Distribution
  • Salinity of the Ocean Water
    • Factors affecting salinity
    • Horizontals distribution of salinity
    • Vertical Distribution of salinity
  • Density of Ocean Waters
  • Movements of Ocean Water
  • Factors influencing Movement
  • Waves
    • Motion of waves
    • Characteristics of wave
  • Tides
    • Types of Tides
    • Importance of Tides
  • Ocean Currents
    • Characteristics of Ocean Currents
    • Types of ocean currents:
    • Major Ocean currents of the World
    • Effects of Ocean Currents
  • Marine Resources
    • Surface water resources
    • Ground water resources
    • Inland water resources
    • Oceanic Water Resources (Marine Resource)
    • Utilization of oceans by man
    • Water consumption patterns
    • Water Conservation and Management (Techniques)
  • Ocean Deposits and Corals
    • Terrigenous Deposits
    • Volcanic Deposits
    • Biotic deposits
    • Abiotic Deposits
    • Coral Reefs
      • Probable origin of Coral Reef
      • Types and significance of Coral Reef
      • Issue of Coral Bleaching

CLIMATOLOGY

  • Atmosphere
    • Composition of the Atmosphere
    • Structure of the Atmosphere
  • Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
    • Solar Radiation and Isolation
    • Heating and cooling of atmosphere
    • Terrestrial Radiation
    • Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
    • Temperature
    • Factors Controlling Temperature Distribution
    • Distribution of Temperature
  • Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
    • Atmospheric Pressure
    • Vertical variation of pressure
    • Horizontal distribution of pressure
    • World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure
    • Factors affecting the velocity and direction of the Wind
    • General Circulation of the Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary Winds
    • Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric
      Heating
    • Emergence of Pressure Belts
    • Hadley Cell , Ferrel Cell, Polar Cell
    • Seasonal Wind
    • Local Wind
    • Land and Sea Breezes
    • Mountain and Valley Winds
    • Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
      • Air mass & fronts
      • Cyclones
      • Thunderstorms
      • Tornadoes
  • Water in the Atmosphere
      • Water Vapour
      • Humidity – Absolute and Relative
      • Saturation – Dew Point
      • Evaporation and Condensation
        • Dew
        • Frost
        • Fog & Mist
        • Clouds
      • Precipitation
        • Rainfall
        • Snowfall
        • Sleet Hail
        • Hailstones
        • Types of Rainfall
        • World Distribution of Rainfall
  • Climatic Zones of the World
    • World Climate
    • Koeppen’s Scheme of Classification of Climate            
    • Climatic Zones of World

BIO-GEOGRAPHY

  • Soil & Its Characteristics
    • Soil Characteristics
    • Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
    • Process of Soil Formation
    • Soil Profiles and Horizons
    • Classification of Soil
    • Soil Degradation, Erosion and Conservation
  • Vegetation resources
    • Types of natural vegetation
    • Forests
      • Significance of forests
      • Factors of forest development
      • Classification of forests
      • forest cover
    • Grasslands
    • Desert vegetation
    • Tundra Vegetation
    • Deforestation
    • Conservation of forests
    • Reforestation
    • Afforestation
    • Forestry
      • Social forestry
      • Agro-forestry
      • Farm Forestry
      • Community Forestry

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

  • Physiography of India
    • Location
    • Geopolitical Significance of India
    • Geological Divisions
      • The Peninsular Block
      • The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains
      • Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain
      • Physiographic Divisions
  • Drainage System
      • Drainage Patterns
      • Drainage System of India
      • Himalayan Drainage System
        • River Systems of Himalayan Drainage
        • Indus river system
        • Ganga River System
        • Brahmaputra river system
      • Peninsular Drainage System
        • River Systems of Peninsular Drainage
        • Small Rivers Flowing Towards East and West
  • Climate
    • Factors influencing the climate of India
    • Monsoon
    • Mechanism of the Monsoon
      • Classical Theory
      • Modern theory
      • Air mass theory
      • Jet stream theory
    • ELNINO and LANINA & their impact
    • The rhythm of Seasons        
      • The cold weather season
      • The hot weather season
      • The southwest monsoon season
      • The retreating monsoon season
    • Climatic Regions of India
  • Soils in India
      • Classification of Soils
      • Soil textures
      • Issue of Soil degradation & Soil Erosion
      • Soil Conservation
  • Natural Vegetation
    • Types of Forests in India
    • Forest Cover in India
    • Forest Conservation
    • Forest Problems in India

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

  • Floods and Droughts  
  • Forest fires
  • Deforestation
  • Desertification
  • Pollution
  • Climate Change and Global Warming

Physical Geography: World & India (Mains)

BASICS OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

  • Definition, Development and scope of Economic Geography
  • Type of Economic Activities
    • Primary Activities
    • Secondary Activities
    • Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary Activities                
  • Recent Themes and Concepts in Economic Geography
  • Agglomeration Economies
  • Neo-liberalism
  • Rise of macro regional Economic block
  • Ethnicity in Economic Geography
  • Concept of digital divide

RESOURCE

  • Land Resource
    • Land-use Pattern and changes
    • Problems of Land Resources:
      • Land Degradation: Causes and Impact
      • Concept of Land Degradation Neutrality
    • Land Use Planning and Policy
  • Water Resources
    • Extent of Water Resources
    • Water Resource Potential of India
    • Utilization and related problems (Pollution)
    • Inter- state water disputes in India
    • Water management, conservation and Development
    • National Water Policy
  • Mineral Resources
    • Types of Mineral Resources
    • Distribution Pattern of Minerals in World
    • Major Mineral Belts of India
    • Problems related to mining
    • Conservation of Mineral Resources
    • National Mineral Policy, 2019
  • Energy resources
    • Classification of Energy Resources
    • Distribution and production trend of major energy Resources
      • Coal
      • Petroleum
      • Natural gas
    • Strategic Oil Reserves
    • Exploration of Coal Bed Methane
    • Non-Conventional Energy Resources
      • Solar Energy
      • Wind Energy
      • Geothermal
    • Nuclear Energy Resources: Challenges and prospects in India
  • Recent Debates on Resources
    • Geopolitics of Natural Resources
    • Globalisation and Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources
    • Depletion of natural resources versus Economic Growth
    • Changing Pattern of Land Use and Causes
    • Water Crisis: Causes, Conflicts and Resolution
    • Energy Crisis
    • Challenges and constraints faced by coal sector
    • Challenges in Hydropower sector
    • Renewable Energy: way toward sustainability
    • Energy Security: Energy Policy and strategy in India

AGRICULTURE

  • Agriculture Basic Terminologies
    • Cropping pattern
    • Agriculture Productivity
    • Agriculture Intensity
    • Land capability
  • Location of agriculture
  • World Agriculture Typologies
  • Salient features of Indian Agriculture
  • Problems of Indian Agriculture
  • Factor Affecting Agriculture
    • Geographical factors
    • Institutional factors
    • Technological factors
  • Major Crops and conditions for growth
  • Regionalization of Agriculture
  • Various Revolutions in Agriculture Sector
    • Green Revolution
      • Impact of Green Revolution
      • Evergreen Revolution
    • White Revolution
    • Operation Flood
    • Blue Revolution
  • Agricultural Policies and Initiatives
    • Minimum Support Price: Benefits and Challenges
    • Agriculture Market Produce Committees: Issues
    • National Agriculture Market (NAM)
    • Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitating) Act (APLM), 2017
    • National Livestock Mission
    • National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development (NPBBD) 
    • Rashtriya Gokul Mission
    • Agriculture Export Policy, 2018
    • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
    • Pradhan Mantri Annadataaay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (Pm-Aasha)
    • Operation Greens
    • Dairy Processing & Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF)
    • Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).
    • Agriculture Census
  • Food Security
    • Nature of Food Insecurity: Duration, Severity and types
    • Trend and Pattern in Food Insecurity
    • Causes and Geography of famine
    • Key Dimension of food security
    • Efforts and Remedies to ensure food security
  • Agricultural in Discussion
    • Controversy over GM Crops: Benefits and Issues
    • Impact of climate Change on Agriculture
    • Evergreen Green Revolution for Sustainable Livelihood
    • Rainbow Revolution
    • Blue Revolution: Impact on Rural Economy
    • Climate Smart Agriculture
    • Need of Agriculture Diversification
    • Mixed farming: Hedging Agriculture Risks
    • Problems and Prospects of dry-zone agriculture
    • Plantation Agriculture: Issues involved
    • Challenges of increasing Agriculture Productivity and Production
    • New ‘White Revolution’: Need, Scope and Challenges
    • Contract Farming: Benefits and Challenges
    • Role of infrastructural and institutional
      factors in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture         
    • Impact of advanced agricultural technologies on the Environment
    • Soil Health Card scheme and  rationalisation of fertilizer subsidies
    • Food Security: India’s Vulnerability and way-out

INDUSTRY

  • Classification of Industries
  • Factors affecting location of Industries
    • Weber’s Model of Industrial Location
    • Losch theory of Profit Maximization
  • Various Industries: Location, Prospects and Challenges
    • Iron and Steel Industry
    • Textile Industry
    • Jute Industry
    • Auto Mobile Industry
    • Fertilizer Industry
    • Agro-based Industries
    • Other Industries
  • Industrial Regions and its Characteristics
    • Major Industrial Regions of the World
    • Industrial Regions of India
    • Industrial Policies and Development
    • A Scheme for Promotion of Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship
    • Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries
    • Stand Up India
    • Fourth Industrial Revolution
    • Role of Industrial development in minimizing regional inequalities
    • Problems of Industrial regions
    • Factors behind the growth and present location pattern of automobile industry in India                                                                                                                
    • Pharmaceutical industry: Locational pattern and reasons
    • Sugar industry: Problems and challenges of current pattern
    • Food Processing Industry: Untapped Potential
    • Agro based Industries: Problems and Prospects
    • Impact of agro-based industries on cropping pattern
    • Tourism: Prospects and Impact on Env

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

  • Land Transport
    • Roads
      • Classification of roads
      • National Highway Grid
      • Problems and Prospects
      • Bharatmala Pariyojana
    • Railways
      • Significance and Problems of Indian Railways
      • Dedicated Freight Corridors
      • Privatisation of Railways
    • Pipelines
      • Significance, Distribution and Challenges
    • Water Transport
      • Inland: National Waterways
        • Factors affecting Inland waterways
        • Significance and Challenges
        • Jal Marg Vikas Project
      • Seaways and Oceanic Route
        • Shipping
        • Major Ports of World and India
        • Challenges in Port Development
        • Sagarmala Project
      • Air Transport
        • National Airways
          • National Civil Aviation Policy
          • Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN)
          • International Airways
        • Communications
          • Communication Infrastructure
          • National Telecom Policy
        • Major Issues in Transport and Communication
          • Role of Transport in Regional Development
          • Need for holistic transport planning to improve the city’s mobility
          • Carbon footprint of the transport sector
          • Road Transport: Investment Challenges
          • Inland Waterways: Development challenges and prospects
          • Ports: Inclusive centres of economic  development
          • Problem of Pot Development
          • Analysis of Sagarmala Project
          • Environmental issues of maritime shipping
          • Role of Transport in Regional Development
          • Eco Tourism: Way toward Responsible Tourism
        • Trade
        • World Trade Pattern
          • Major Oceanic Trade Routes
        • Basis of Overseas Trade
        • Types of International Trade
          • Bilateral Trade
          • Multilateral Trade
        • Various Organisation Related to International Trade
        • Regional Trade Blocks
        • Foreign Trade: India
          • Trends in India’s Foreign Trade
          • Composition Indian Trade
          • Direction of India’s Foreign Trade
        • Trade Pattern and Policies
          • Changing Pattern of India’s foreign trade
          • Challenges and prospects of foreign trade of India
          • Impact of trade liberalisation on the geographical distribution of industries
          • Neo-liberal reforms in Africa: Race of India and China

DEMOGRAPHY AND CENSUS WORLD & INDIA

  • Concept of human resources
  • Factors affecting the distribution of Population
  • Population growth
    • Theories of Population Growth
      • Malthusian Theory
      • Marxian Theory
      • Demographic transition theory
      • Optimum Population Theory
    • Size, growth rate and distribution of population
    • Components of Population growth
  • Demographic Dividend
    • Demographic Window of Opportunity
  • Components of Population change
    • Birth Rate
    • Death Rate (Mortality Rate)
    • Migration
      • Factors responsible for migration
      • Type of Migration
      • Issues related to migration
      • Migration pattern in world and India
      • World Migration Report, 2018
    • Population Composition
      • Age Sex Pyramids & their significance
      • Trends and Pattern in Sex Ratio
      • Initiatives to improve Sex ratio
      • Trends and Patterns in Literacy
      • Government’s Efforts
    • Fertility Rate
    • Impact of Population Change
    • Population Policies
      • Need for revision of National Population Policy
    • Population problems
      • Global Nutrition Report, 2018
      • Global Hunger Index

SETTLEMENTS AND URBANIZATION

  • Rural Settlements
    • Classification of Rural Settlements
    • Function of Rural Settlements
    • Patterns of Rural Settlements
    • Changing Pattern of Rural Settlements
  • Urban Settlements
    • Origin of Urban Settlements- Functional  Classification of Towns
    • Urbanization
      • Indian Mega Cities
      • Central Place Theory
      • Primate City
      • Morphology of Indian Cities
      • Conurbations
      • Urban Slums
      • Rural Urban Fringe
      • Rural Urban Continuum
    • Issues related to Urbanization in India
      • Habitat – III Conference
    • Schemes
      • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana or Housing for All Scheme
      • Smart City Initiative
      • AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
      • HRIDAY (Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana)

REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

  • Concept of Region
  • Types of Regions
  • Issues of Regional Imbalances
  • Strategies for Regional Development

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

  • Growth v/s Development
  • Approaches to Human Development
  • Human Development Index
  • International comparisons of Human Development
    • World Development Report, 2019
  • Human Development Report